The Purposes of Punishment - 1402 Words

The purposes of punishment. What are the purposes of punishment? Which do you consider to be the most important and why? Student: *********** Student number: ******* Tutor name: ************* Hand-in date: 21st of November 2011 To begin with, it is necessary to say that punishment is an integral part of modern countries’ legal systems, because countries have a duty to protect society from wrongdoers and authorities could reach success in it by punishing offenders. Oxford English Dictionary defines punishment as the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for an offence. There are four main purposes of punishment – incapacitation, deterrence, retribution and rehabilitation – and the aim of this paper is to†¦show more content†¦Deterrence is a further purpose that needs to be highlighted. The aim of punishment is also to warn people from crime committing under the fear of being punished and it might be reached through the well-developed criminal justice system, one of the main aim of which is to ensure that every wrongdoer will be punished for the criminal acts. There are two kinds of deterrence. They are general and specific deterrence. Ferris defines specific deter rence as deterrence which attempts to persuade the individual before the court not to commit further offences, while general deterrence is defined as the process of persuading others who might be inclined to offend not to do so. Deterrence has its own pros and cons as well. One of the main deterrence benefits is that it may reduce crime rate significantly and sharply. For instance, there is a three strikes policy in most states of USA, which means that if an individual has already been in jail two times and if this person commits a third crime, she would be automatically sentenced for 25 years regardless of crime seriousness. On the other hand, the main drawback is that criminals usually think that they will not be caught, so they continue committing crimes. Retribution, as the next aim of punishment, is associated with the idea that the wrongdoers have to be penalized and punished for violation against the civilians. Retribution could be viewed from two aspects: revenge and restoration. According to Oxford EnglishShow MoreRelatedPurpose and History of Punishment785 Words   |  4 PagesPurpose and History of Punishment The American society of punishment has been heavily based on British law, which has in turn grown from Western capital punishment and personal retribution. In the seventh century A.D. leaders in government have begun to realize that crimes harmed society. The government started becoming more involved in controlling crimes and punishment for the crimes being committed. To protect the citizens the leaders of the governing body assembled a set of laws that were passedRead MorePurpose Of Corporal Punishment1151 Words   |  5 PagesCorporal Punishment is the intentional act of disciplining by inflicting physical pain as retribution for an offense or wrongdoing. The purpose of corporal punishment is to prevent the offense or wrongdoing from happening again by instilling or associating fear with these undesired acts. Corporal punishment may be divided into three main types: parental or domestic corporal punishment, school corporal punishment and judicial corporal punishment which closel y related to prison corporal punishment. QuiteRead MoreThe Purpose of Punishment in a Modern Society Essay2234 Words   |  9 PagesPunishment has been in existence since the early colonial period and has continued throughout history as a method used to deter criminals from committing criminal acts. Philosophers believe that punishment is a necessity in today’s modern society as it is a worldwide response to crime and violence. Friedrich Nietzche’s book â€Å"Punishment and Rehabilitation† reiterates that â€Å"punishment makes us into who we are; it creates in us a sense of responsibility and the ability to take and release our socialRead MoreDiscuss Factors That Affect Sentencing Decisions, Including the Purposes of Punishment and the Role of Victims.783 Words   |  4 Pagesthat set precedent for all judges and magistrates in the state. Within this legislation are the purposes for which a sentence may be imposed, types of penalties, minimum/maximum senten ces and mandatory sentences. The purposes of sentencing are set out in the Crimes (Sentencing Procedures) Act 1999 (NSW) and fundamentally include deterrence, retribution, rehabilitation and incapacitation as the purposes by which a judge may impose a sentence. Deterrence intends to discourage specifically offendersRead MoreSection 3a Of The Crimes ( Sentencing Procedure ) Act 19991572 Words   |  7 Pagesofficial purposes of sentencing: http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/cpa1999278/s3a.html These ‘purposes’ are often said to be in conflict. Analyse these stated purposes in light of the broader philosophies of punishment in order to explain the tensions that are inherent in the business of punishing. Your essay should present an informed argument on which purposes and/or alternative understandings of justice should take precedence over others and why. The purposes of punishment in NSWRead MoreThe Retributive And Utilitarian Theory Of Punishment1478 Words   |  6 Pages Punishment is any kind of negative penalty inflicted on the wrong doer to prevent him from doing wrong in the future. Though there is no specific definition for punishment, it implies all those acts that are required to teach the wrong doer a lesson. Taking a negative step towards the offender. Since the evolution of time, there have been many sociologists who have given their theories on punishment and how the offender should be punished. The theories vary in terms of approach takenRead MoreHistory and Purposes of Prisons884 Words   |  4 PagesHistory and Purpose of Penitentiaries Jeffrey Brown CJA234 July 7,2012 George Chavarria History and Purpose of Penitentiaries Crime has had an impact on society for years, and will continue to do so well into the future. The presence of criminals and criminal acts proved that there was and all ways will be a need for penitentiaries. Correctional facilities no matter if they are prisons, jails, or penitentiaries are all part of the criminal justice system. Their overall goal and objectiveRead MoreThe On The Juvenile Justice System Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pagesjustifiable concern, the proposed changes to the purposes clause would go against the primary purpose of the juvenile justice system, rehabilitation and treatment as opposed to punishment. During the 19th century, the American legal system tended to treat juveniles who violated the criminal law much as it did adult offenders. Consequently, if courts found children criminally responsible, they would then impose the same sentences, e.g. capital punishment, and committed these youths to the same penalRead MoreCorporal Punishment and the Effects of It s Usage757 Words   |  3 PagesCorporal Punishment and the effects of its usage Corporal punishment is the ability to make physical contact as a form of punishment for reprimanding ones behavior. Corporal punishment versus positive reinforcement while they both serve their purpose corporal punishment is known to be more effective. The most common form of disciplining has always been either a spanking, corporal punishment has been dated all the way back to biblical times. Now the corporal punishment that occurred during biblicalRead MoreSocial Punishment And Its Impact On Society Essay1628 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout time, the use of punishment has changed drastically. Not only has the actual infliction of punishment changed, the reasoning behind this punishment has also changed. There have been numerous scholars, educators, and researchers that have presented various theories on the reasoning behind societal punishment. Some of these theories are closely similar, however some are drastically different. It is important to note that these theorists have broa d perceptions that can be rooted back to specific

Synthetic Essay On A Modest Proposal - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1112 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Modest Proposal Essay Did you like this example? A Modest Proposal suggests to the Irish people that it would be beneficial for them to bear children and fatten them up to be sold to the English rulers so they can be favored in hopes of gaining more freedom and opportunities. Two authors with different focuses on Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal will aid in gathering information about social issues and class structure in relation to the history of Englands poor treatment of Ireland. An article by Louis A. Landa highlights the strife between England and Ireland as Ireland is moving towards growth and independence but is squashed by the unproductive members of society that England has sent over; Barbra Bengelss work discusses the relation of clothing as it is discussed in A Modest Proposal and how it represents social issues and class structure. After evaluating both sources, the treatment of England can clearly be seen as the cause of social issues and unproductivity in Ireland. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Synthetic Essay On A Modest Proposal" essay for you Create order Barbra Bengels centers her analysis of Swifts A Modest Proposal on his use of clothing related terminology and how the image of clothing relates to the class and social issues in Ireland. Bengelss first quotation of A Modest Proposal is Beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, six children all in rags (Swift 1729). Bengels uses this quote to introduce her main point: as described by Swift, clothing visually defines the classes. Bengels proceeds into describing the cause of Irelands low social standing. She speculates that Swifts choice of words is promoted by the thought that clothing was the identifying factor between social classes. Bengels also makes the statement that dressing ones child is synonymous with caring and flaunting social class to support her view. She continues on to argue that Swifts use of clothing references and the poor treatment mothers give their children, such as fattening them up and birthing them only to sell them for a profit, is a symbol of the a falling Irish society (2006 pg 14). Bengels is taken aback by how absurd and inhumane the proposal is for the lower class women to objectify their children and treat them as animals only tending to them for the promise of a profit. Bengelss final statement in her analysis of Swifts proposal entails that she does not think Swift was an inhuman person for his suggestion. She actually believed that Swift was intelligent in his word choice in creating puns and was impressed by his strategic use of satire to make it appear as though he really cared about the situation at hand. Louis Landa diverges from Bengelss view of inhumanity and focuses on his interpretation of the situation between Ireland and England. Landa, the author of the journal article A Modest Proposal and Populousness, focuses on the history between England and Ireland and how the harsh treatment of England impacted the population of Ireland, and consequently the repercussions that followed- such as a low economy, masses of beggars, and overpopulation. Landa supports Swifts thought that it would be more beneficial for the people of Ireland to sell the bodies of those who are not contributing to the overall economic and social growth of Ireland (1942, p.162). Landa continues on in his analysis of Swifts proposal and shifts his focus specifically to what he believed defined a wealthy country and how it coincided with the thought of those who lived during Swifts time. The phrase, people are the riches of a nation is repeated numerous times in Landas analysis and is the main focus throughout the essay. He believes, like many others from Swifts time and before, that a country can be successful if it has a large number of people to contribute to the growth and work of a country, and conversely, a person who does not function properly in economic or political society makes the nation poorer, not richer (Landra 1924 p.165). Because England continued to ship its unsuccessful members of society to Ireland, the land became overcrowded with unproductive people and ruined to potential that Ireland once had to become a successful country on its own. Conversely, Landa believes that Swifts A Modest Proposal was an argument against the previous statement that people are the riches of a nation. Landa suggests that Swift actually blamed the amount of people for the unsuccessfulness of Ireland. However, the main point of his essay was not to expose a fault in the economic structure, but to blame England for spoiling the efficiency of the natural law of Ireland and denying the Irish their natural rights (1924 p. 165) The most prominent view that both authors share is the thought that England is grossly exploiting Ireland to a point where they are unable to provide and support themselves. Bengels makes this point clear when she introduces the point that Ireland cannot manufacture its own goods because of the lack of employment, but the thrifty Irish citizens can clothe themselves in the leftover leather skins of the children they cook and sell (Bengels 2006). Landa expands on the point that England is to blame for all of Irelands misfortune. He includes a common thought of that time that people are the riches of a nation their labour is potential wealth but must be utilized (1942, p. 163). Landa believes Ireland is unable to utilize their potential because they are overpopulated and dont have enough resources to support such a large population. Ireland is having to send their supplies to England as payment which lowers their ability to supply for themselves. Landa also proposed the idea that England should encourage its lower class citizens to seek opportunity elsewhere instead of merely shipping them to Ireland and creating a larger problem while providing no help and spending excess money in moving the unemployed (1942, p. 160). This is where the sources diverge. Bengles begins to focus more on the representation of clothing and how it relates to class and the social issues of Ireland, whereas Landa dives into the history and economical issues between England and Ireland. The proposal Jonathan Swift offers to the people of Ireland is crucial as both a work of satire and a matter to be taken seriously. The proposal illuminates the discourse between an overbearing and uncaring country on one of its defenseless colonies. When reading Swifts proposal one needs to keep in mind the historical turmoil between Ireland and England and the measures that pushed Swift to write such a logically thought out, yet inhumane proposal as a means to raise awareness of the situation at hand. The two sources provide different insight to the inefficiency of Ireland while providing different focuses on the repercussions of Englands actions towards Ireland in relation to social issues and class structure.

What Argument Essay Topics College Is - and What it Is Not

What Argument Essay Topics College Is - and What it Is Not Whispered Argument Essay Topics College Secrets There are several different tactics to compose a hook. Your readers want to see the entire picture, and that's what you should concentrate on. It is very important to begin with demonstrating the major idea of the entire piece so you and your readers are going to be on the exact same page. Clearly Establishing Your Purpose With your reader's attention currently in place, you should be sure you also directly cover the question or prompt to which you've been requested to respond. Think about your essay's thesis for a promise to your audience about what type of analysis you've made for the books and allow it to be specific. Addressing the correct audience is crucial. The more passion you've got for a writing topic, the simpler it'll be to convey that emotion to your audience and make an excellent descriptive essay. Yes, there's a person who can assist you with your essays expert essay writers at MyPerfectWords. To begin with, you may want to consider my list of 150 topic tips for essays that explain. Inside my experience, descriptive essays are only difficult in regards to deciding just what things to write about. Outlining your essay is a great method to organize your ideas and flesh out your essay topic. Getting the Best Argument Essay Topics College Particular video games can be regarded as parts of art. Keep in mind, if you would like your solution to work, you have to go for an audience that has the capability to create a solution, not simply a group of people irritated by the circumstance. Technology or social networking topics are something that everybody wishes to investigate because so a lot of us are concerned about our own use of phone and societal media. Some people think that it's also wise to have to pass a drug test before receiving any type of government assistance, inclu ding food-stamps. Argument Essay Topics College - the Story Usually, you will argue strongly for the most crucial cause in this sort of essay. Regardless of what essay topic you're given, our essay generator will have the ability to finish your essay easily. Write out your own overview of each report. Then re-write each one of these sentences in their own words either on a tough copy of the essay or within a Word document. The Argument Essay Topics College Game You may also become a variety of discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. A trusted writing services company may assist you with all that. You also need to pick issues that you've got a terrific interest in. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, together with make sure you are getting the very best service our company may deliver. What to Expect From Argument Essay Topics Co llege? You need to understand the assignment correctly to make sure the subject is perfect. You need to locate a subject. It's needless to say that you should go for a subject that you regard as interesting. It is possible to discover a subject in various ways. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Argument Essay Topics College All you have to do is say that you're likely to argue for a specific position and the job is completed, whalaa! Use what you read to assist you create some search terms, and to assist you choose your own position. Generally, it's tough to pinpoint the specific start of a significant literary movement. In order to assess something, you will need to compare it with the ideal example of that specific thing. A Secret Weapon for Argument Essay Topics College An argumentative essay is a sort of academic papers that students write in the center school. Now you're ready to locate some articles to utilize in your paper. Some can do the job better as lar ge school research paper topics, while others are going to make decent research paper topics for college students. Well, grading papers are often quite dull. It's not sufficient to settle on a topic which everybody agrees on. After you own a topic, you should make a decision as to what way you wish to approach it. You are going to want to know about this issue. Jot down whatever you know about this issue in a brief list. Gather sources for your topic from the world wide web and library that you believe can help you answer the question. Google can really help you too. Once you choose a topic, you must react to the query and after that substantiate your response with three or more motivations as to why you think like that.

Analysis of the Global Economic Crisis

Question: Describe aboutthe global financial crisis. Answer: Introduction In 2008 the world faced an unprecedented crisis in financial systems. It was called the global financial crisis that led to financial systems imploding. The tax politico-economic paradigms shifted with big economies like the United States, china and japan being among the worst hit. Nepal was not left out of the equation either; it faced a period of financial crisis in its banks, high unemployment rate and slow economic growth rate(Berlatsky, 2010). Banks and insurance companies began to suffer serious losses, while their assets and other valuables began to fall free. Many money markets witnessed heavy losses with market instruments depreciating to all-time lows. Nepals money market came almost to a halt. What was initially thought to be isolated cases of collapse of banks became the norm throughout the world. A period of uncertainty had engulfed the world into a gloom with the same principle of capitalism being put into question. Governments had to react fast and strategically in order to revive the ailing financial sector. Previous growth seen between 2003-2007 had come into a sudden halt and even the Nepal had been shaken. Analysis of the Global Economic Crisis in Nepal and the World Although the financial and economic crisis is a complex process with multiple factors that have influenced its origin and development, essentially this process was generated by the imbalance between the real economy and virtual economy.The genesis of the problem is in the United States, which for years has enjoyed - in their capacity as political and financial superpower - huge advantages to access public and private credit to finance operations of its government and its citizens consumption.(Berlatsky, 2010) As a result, the US economy had become an economy of excess and irresponsibility, with consumers living far above their actual capabilities and resources, thanks to unrestricted access to credit. Nepal was going on the same route of unrestricted credit while other countries like UK had taken off.It was thus an economic boom based not on the actual production of wealth but on mere speculation and not on responsible investment but careless bet was built, and where expectations for higher profits, unreasonable and unjustified, ended up spreading and getting drunk to everybody. Examples of Financial crisis that affected global financial crisis The speculative bubble fueled by cheap credit was reflected in the diverse markets: prices of raw materials - minerals, oil, food - rose greatly in recent years driven by blind faith that the demand for these products continue to grow indefinitely , as shares of companies and banks grew exorbitantly with the illusion of infinite profits. The same happened with the US market real estate loans, just when the bubble began to burst(Claessens and Horen, n.d.). Access to mortgage credit became so easy that millions of families embarked on buying houses, which led in turn to rising housing prices especially in the united states and Europe. And when borrowers began to default on their payments, these banks found they had a huge amount of mortgages whose real value was falling apart: they had made loans that they could not recover, but still had the same obligations to its depositors and investors. And a reaction was initiated chain where these risky investments in assets of dubious value have generated huge losses for its shareholders and in turn, the falling value of its shares has sparked panic in the financial and credit markets around the world - including Nepal. This article analyzes the reasons for the global financial crisis while also having a perspective on politico-economic responses by various governments launched to remedy the situation and the course impact. But with continued assets restructuring and multiple sales risk transfer it came a situation when it became impossible to ascertain the actual risk level of each of the titles. In this regard the rating agencies, despite not recognize, were unable to fulfill their task. Inability of financial institutions to self regulate while keeping the government of their regulatory frameworks, with long stable periods that encourage excesses and Manias(Kawai, Lamberte and Pak, 2012). The international financial system was inherently so that, according to economists, you cannot escape periodic financial crises, with consequences more devastating. The UK and Spain are among the countries Thus, pragmatism seems to have overcome ideology, negotiation has worked and have finished adopting coherent plans in almost all advanced countries, plans that meet both the need to recapitalize the banking system partially nationalizing the banking and secure loans interbank. In this sense both the approval of the US plan, which was only accepted by Congress after the introduction of important amendments-as subsequent clarifications Treasury finally accept temporarily nationalize part of banking Finally, the global financial crisis was a period when the European economic block led by UK, France and Germany to stamp world financial authority while introducing the euro as the currency for trade after the dollar. Reforms Creating and developing systems to tackle the crisis. This was aimed at meeting the increasing appetite for funds by countries worst hit by the crisis globally while stabilizing the economic and financial sectors of the world. The united states was at the fore front of the reforms. the IMF increased its resources for lending significantly since the onset of the global crisis. Increase in credit to the crisis. The IMF reorganized its lending framework to adapt it to the needs of countries and greater emphasis on crisis prevention, and simplified the program conditionality. Since the beginning of the crisis, the IMF has committed more than $ 700,000 million in financing for member countries.(Scott, 2009)Assistance to the poorest in the world. Concessionally lending reforms were undertaken by the IMF and the policies were geared to engaging the low-income and poor economies in lending and to protect them from more economic downfall. Analysis and policy advice of the IMF more focused. The IMF provided risk analysis and provided policy advice to member countries to help them overcome the challenges and the effects of contagion arising from the global economic crisis. He also undertook major initiatives to strengthen supervision and adapt to a globalized and interconnected world, taking into account lessons learned from the crisis. Reform corporate structure of governance of the IMF to include other economies. Creating a firewall against the crisis The increase in available resources of financing to the IMF in support of countries that are members was a key elements of engagements aimed at overcoming the global financial crisis. Immediately after the crisis, member countries increased additional financial resources to the IMF through agreements that were bilateral to obtain loans amounting to about SDR 170.000 million (about USD 250,000 million to current exchange rates). Policy analysis and advice focused on IMF To strengthen supervisory role the IMF undertook key initiatives to respond to a globalized and interconnected world. These initiatives were developed to modernize the legal role of supervision to include the effects of contagion (the time when the economic policies of one country can affect others), further analysis financial risk systems, enhanced assessment of the external positions of members and immediate responces to concerns raised by these latter countries. Unemployment levels soared affecting more than 200 million people worldwide and income inequality becoming unbearable in many countries, the IMF internally established a Working Jobs and Growth criteria, which recommended avenues and provided guidelines for improving the support given by the IMF to its members to achieve their goals in terms of development, job creation and income distribution. A reform of the governance structure of the IMF to better reflect the global economy .(Scott, 2009)The reforms of 2010 are based on the reforms on quotas and agreed in the post global financial crisis period.from the initiated reforms, 54 member countries were includes with China, Korea, India, Brazil and Mexico the countries that will benefit most from the largest increases. In the case of other members, including poor countries, there will be an increase vote numbers, which remains a percentage of the total cast votes. Impacts of financial crisis in different economies The impact of the international economic crisis will be felt in Latin America through two channels. The first, via trade flows, and second, via capital flows. To understand the vulnerability of the region from this point of view to the transformations that are happening globally, the first thing is to understand the structure of world trade and the role played by Latin America in this. Thus the cycle of global capital has led to the growth of private credit in Latin America. The highest levels of liquidity associated with capital inflows have led banks to significantly increase lending to the private sector at the highest rates globally, thus financing the expansion of domestic consumption. As expected, the increasing availability of credit is having significant effects on asset prices in economies in the region. In the case of housing prices must be at regional level during the period 2008-2010 increased at an annual rate of 15%. This growth rate is the highest compared to the emerging markets of Asia and Eastern Europe (IMF 2011). It is not surprising to find that in those countries where it has grown faster fastest credit growth is also recorded in housing prices. The recent collapse of real estate markets in the US, the UK and Spain shows the fragility and dangers of a rapid rise in property prices when this occurs in a context of expansion of credit, as is currently happening in the region. However, the effects are not confined only to housing. It can be seen how, after the impact of the crisis, the market capitalization in the region also continued to grow at a rapid pace(Shiller, 2008). With the exception of Mexico and Argentina, the capitalization of the stock values measured in dollars has doubled over the last two years in other countries. As in the case of capital flows, it is interesting to note the changes in the composition of the market capitalization. It is then clear that several economies in the region are all elements that characterize this financing scheme: high dependence on commodity exports with FDI increasingly directed to this sector; strong currency appreciation coupled with rapidly rising prices of financial assets; growth of external financing via short-term dollars through portfolio flows. In the same way that these elements have combined to drive growth in the region over the last period, making it appear that the risks have diminished, in the next stage of the economic cycle will combine to cause a rapid deterioration of the economic situation and financial. Proposed recommendations * Implementing regulation to credit to the private sector by financial institutions in order to control the rapid growth of household and corporate debt. * Coordinate the creation of a control system of capital at the regional level that would reduce the inflow of speculative capital to the region, with the aim of reducing the negative impact of such flows on the value of local currencies and credit. This system could be accompanied by the creation of a regional tax on financial transactions, which simultaneously serves to finance the activities of the South Bank. * Accelerate the implementation of the South Bank in order to fund regional programs to strengthen regional capacity, to reduce dependence on commodity exports currently plaguing the region. Strengthening regional integration would also create economies of scale required for the development of a manufacturing sector in different countries of Latin America. * Organization audit committees debt at regional level to allow for monitoring and surveillance mechanisms management of public debt. The objective of the audit is to implement a mechanism to control preventively the socialization of financial sector losses associated in a scenario of regional and international financial panic. Conclusions: The global financial crisis which was as a result of excess liquidity and a lack or poor regulations of the integrated international financial systems was taking toll on countries economy including Nepal. Unilateral actions by global institutions like the IMF and different governments were enforced to prevent collapse of world economies(Shiller, 2008). The banking and insurance sectors were the hardest hit, this culminated to reduced trade even in other sectors . However, recommended measures and provided guidelines for improving the effectiveness the support provided by the IMF to member countries to achieve their goals in terms of growth, job creation and income distribution. References Berlatsky, N. (2010).The global financial crisis. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press/Gale Cengage Learning. Choi, J. and Papaioannou, M. (2009).Credit, currency, or derivatives. Bingley: Emerald. Claessens, S. and Horen, N. (n.d.).The impact of the global financial crisis on banking globalization. Friedman, T. (2005).The world is flat. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Ghosh, B. (2002).Global financial crises and reforms. London: Routledge. Haytmanek, E. and McClure, K. (n.d.).Mitigating the nutritional impacts of the global food price crisis. Kawai, M., Lamberte, M. and Pak, Y. (2012).The global financial crisis and Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kohli, H. and Sharma, A. (2010).A resilient Asia amidst global financial crisis. New Delhi, India: SAGE. Savona, P., Kirton, J. and Oldani, C. (2011).Global financial crisis. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate. Savona, P., Kirton, J. and Oldani, C. (2011).Global financial crisis. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate. Scott, H. (2009).The global financial crisis. New York: Foundation Press. Shiller, R. (2008).The subprime solution. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Taylor, M. and Clarida, R. (2011).The global financial crisis. London: Routledge. The World Bank Group's response to the global economic crisis. (2011). Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Yehoue, E. (2009).Emerging economy responses to the global financial crisis of 2007-09. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund.