History of the keyboard Free Essay Example, 3000 words

Keyboard: Summary: - Within a computer system, there are a few devices which are responsible for giving the input to the computer in the form of instructions or data. These are called as input devices. There are a few other devices to which the computer sends its feedback after the instruction processing. These are called as the output devices. Keyboard is one of the primary input devices that most of the modern computers use for the input of data/instruction. There are a series of changes that a keyboard has gone through within a span of around 130 years that a keyboard was first invented. The keyboard has seen various formats including the one that had the letters arranged sequentially and the others most of which were designed in such a manner so as to increase the typing speed and reduce the movement of fingers as far as possible. But the one that has been used prominently and very frequently, the QWERTY keyboard, is the one that has been designed for just the contrary. It has b een designed so that the typing speed could be as slow as possible. We will write a custom essay sample on History of the keyboard or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The reason behind this is that with the increased efficiency of typing the keys of the keyboard used to get stuck when pressed in quick succession. Therefore Sholes, with one of his relatives who was adept at mathematics, derived a keyboard placing the most frequently keys as far apart as possible. Thus reducing the typing speed considerably and removing this problem and the keys getting stuck. Introduction: - A computer system is generally an apt combination of four kinds of devices: - 1. Input Devices 2. Processing Units 3. Storage Units 4. Output Devices 1. Input Devices: - The devices that are connected to the computer to provide input to the computer system are called as input devices. The input may be in the form of either data or control instructions. Input devices are also used so that the user may interact with the application program. The examples of input devices include keyboard, mouse, punch card reader etc. 2. Processing Units: - The devices that are responsible for the processing of data to obtain the intended results are called the processing unit. The CPU is the Central Processing Unit for the computer. It is also commonly called as the processor. 3. Storage Units: - The devices that are responsible for storing the results of the operations and sometimes even the application program and data are called the storage units or memory devices. Examples are Hard disk, Compact Disk, Floppy Disk etc. 4.

The Research Process on a Project - 633 Words

The Research Process: The research process went well, I felt like it was easier than most research projects. I found the project more preferable to a traditional research paper. I feel like it is a better alternative because it gave us time to really research and give good connections. I ended up learning more from the primary connections because I put more into my research. I felt like the secondary connections was not as informative because I was researching connections that someone else had already made but with the primary I had more possibilities to really learn. I felt like there were less restraints on what I could connect the author to. With this project I learned that it is not a simple as just typing an authors name into a search bar, I found out that you have to dig deeper than that. I started my research on Wikipedia and then I would look at the sources Wiki used and get my research from there. Procedure: The procedure of the project went well. I liked working individually, that way I am the only one to blame for my grade. With group assignments there is always the chance of getting a not so helpful group or the lazy partner. This just leads to frustration for the student that really worked for the grade. As a student I feel cheated if a partner or group member gets a good grade without really putting the effort into the project. If each student had more deadlines for the project they would work harder on it and the research would be more thoughtShow MoreRelatedA Research Project On The Data Collection Process1646 Words   |  7 PagesManatowa Research Project Report Identify and describe key lessons learned in your data collection process The first potential participant I spoke with on the phone asked me a question, â€Å"can any staff member volunteer to participate or do they have to be a licensed social worker†? A very valid question and something I had not anticipated. I did not know how to answer her at first. That fact was not part of my research design. As explained by the University of Oxford Personnel Service UAS (2015)Read MoreImplementation Process And Time Scheduling Process Before Start Construction Phase Essay1536 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT With increasing projects size, needing for planning and control become matter of urgency, so this research aim to develop integrate cost estimate process and time scheduling process before start construction phase. Most of construction companies make project scheduling without attention to add planned resources (labor-equipment-material) with its direct and indirect costs to get total project cost. So it is needed to be estimate project direct and indirect cost before start constructionRead MoreThe Electronic Systems Of A Payload1074 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the research project a student built version of the electronic systems of a payload was constructed and component choice was evaluated. The outcome explored component choice in detail. It was then concluded that all components excluding the Arduino UNO microcontroller chosen were suitable and appropriate for the project. This showed a trend where the component choice depended directly upon the microcontroller for reasons of compatibility and functionality. The main purpose of the project was toRead MoreMerck and Company: The New Product Development Process1733 Words   |  7 PagesThe New Product Development Process and Merck and Company Introduction The business environment of the 21st century is very different from the business environment 200 years ago. Since the Industrial Revolution until today, businesses have developed more and more products to meet the needs of an ever increasing world population. The cycle of business has been changed dramatically since the invention of the Internet, which has shortened the selling cycle and made it more convenientRead MoreEthics And The Ethical Obligations Of The Researcher899 Words   |  4 Pages 1. What role does ethics play in the business research process? Be sure to specify this role for each major step in the business research process. In general terms, Ethics are the norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour. Business research is defined as the application of ethical standards to human actions in the exchange process. Ethical principles include Honesty, Objectivity, Integrity, Carefulness, Openness, Respect for Intellectual Property, ConfidentialityRead MoreA Study Of Large Complex Projects By Investigating The Logics, Methods, And Criteria Of Evaluation1093 Words   |  5 Pagesstudy of large complex projects by investigating the logics, methods, and criteria of evaluation. The research seeks to develop a greater understanding of ‘how’ large complex project are evaluated in different project-oriented organizations. In this document project complexity dimensions and the project evaluation process are interlinked to form the schema to help project-based organizations understand and address complexity dimensions in the evaluation of complex projects. This confirmation documentRead MoreNursing Research Utilization Project1349 Words   |  5 PagesNursing Research Utilization Project: The nursing profession has experienced several challenges and emerging issues in the recent past that have significant impacts on the health and wellbeing of the society. Some of the major challenges facing this field include nurses commitment to their work, their etiquette while working, shortage of nurses, meeting patients expectations, and their dedication to their profession and patients. While there have been numerous attempts to address these issuesRead MoreDesign Of The Construction Project Life Cycle1501 Words   |  7 Pagesconstruction project life cycle is considered as a significant contributor to the project performance. Many researchers have considered this phenomenon as being dependent on the project success which comprises of quality, cost, time and sustainability. Nowadays, most of the construction projects must be delivered through the fast track, therefore it is difficult to co-ordinate between the specialists and personnel as there is no accepted platform of goo d practice in managing the design process (Bibby,Read MoreObjectives Of A Research Project Management1697 Words   |  7 Pagesof the study Aim of the research The aim of the study is to assess the relevancy, usefulness and the associated benefits of BIM and the advantages of its parametric feature in construction project management, and then suggesting ways in which such findings could help stakeholders to determine on whether BIM will be suitable and beneficial or not for their proposed projects and then take decision either to use BIM or not based on their convictions. Objectives of the research 1. To find out what BIMRead MoreConstruction: Rethinking Operational Stages1668 Words   |  7 Pagesstrategic operational stages, called the briefing process has perked the interests of the researcher in the course of producing a report on value management. During a research of a case study on ABC, the researcher has observed that without a clearly defined and articulated brief, the concept of client value can alter with each individual s perception. Such alterations can have a deep impact on the quality and the performance of construction projects. A brief review of text books and reports reveal

Sales Force Management Leadership

Question: University President Ralph Tesseneer explains how he learned to value diversity as a boy on the farm in Louisiana: One day, Dad came home with two mules, Old Blue and Old Kate. Blue was wild and unpredictable, but Kate was reliable and did what was requested. When you hooked them together and said get up, Blue jumped to it. Kate was slow to start, but when the going got hard, Kate went right on with the job at hand. I have found faculty members are the same way. They are usually strong individuals, and if a way can be found to harness their unique talents, they will pull together and achieve wonders. In dealings with other people, the leader faces the challenges of understanding and valuing different types of people, and of being wise, caring, and flexible in meeting their needs. To the degree this challenge is met, individuals will be served and organizations will prosper by the gifts they bring. What does it take to meet this challenge? First is a sincere belief that the greatest good for all individuals can best be achieved by working together. Second is the knowledge that diversity enriches individuals and groups. Third is the day-to-day practice of considering the interests and meeting the needs of others. Ask yourself how you are doing in these three key areas, and what you can do to improve. Answer: Leadership is the very responsible role to play in an organisation. Therefore, the main responsibility of a leader is to direct the team members with providing the vision and objectives of the organisation. There is another essence of a leader to manage the stress level of the employees or team members (Johnston Marshall, 2016). In the experiment of monkeys, the stress is analysed with the electric shock. There was a pair of monkeys who were used to execute the experiment. Brady (1958) (The Executive Monkey Study, 2016) has investigated the capacity of an individual in handling excessive stress. Therefore, the experiment has revealed the responsibility of a leader in managing the stress. The experiment has revealed that if an individual works under a huge pressure regularly, then he or she would be affected by illness. The stress would lead the person towards the illness. According to the experiment, there was a pair of monkey has given electric shock in their foot (The Executive Monkey Study, 2016). The only differences between the two monkeys were that one was able to control the shocks with a lever and the other one has to tolerate the stress continuously. After 23 days, it was seen that the executive monkey, who was able to handle the shock, was suffering from the gastric ulceration while the yoked monkey was not affected that much by the shocks (The Executive Monkey Study, 2016). The regular stress has made it stronger than before to handle the stress. This experiment has explained the requirement of stress management in the organisational structures by leaders. Therefore, the study indicates to the leadership styles of the organisations to manage the stress level of the employees (Johnston Marshall, 2016). Otherwise, this will become the unethical issue for the organisation and the capacity of the employees will decrease. References Johnston, M. W., Marshall, G. W. (2016).Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. The Executive Monkey Study. (2016). Pirate.shu.edu. Retrieved 9 August 2016, from https://pirate.shu.edu/~hovancjo/exp/brady58.htm

The United Technologies Corporation ethics

Introduction Every industry in the commercial sector has its own ethical standard that must be complied. Ethical provisions maintain an even playing field for all the members of the commercial sector ensuring that the basic norms of exchange are obeyed. It is therefore of paramount importance to every business enterprise to ensure that it maintains a good ethics strategy and program. United Technologies Corporation therefore has an obligation to enforce and maintain a stable and effective ethics compliance program (Desjardins 2008, p 145).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The United Technologies Corporation ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Background Since its first initiative in 1929, the United Technologies Corporation has grown both in magnitude and size. It has increased its employee and consumer base to a seven multinational unit capacity that runs under a 31 billion dollar budget. This has also acted to increase the managerial and strategic concerns. The company has employed an ethical compliance program that has been used by all member units across the globe. The ethical strategy has faced several historical and strategic challenges that have put its usefulness and relevance to the test. The defense acquisition scandals of the 1980s were a great challenge to the defense based contracts with the United States government. The company however made it through the investigations retaining its status as the country largest defense contractor. This was however followed by the Packard commission that led to the defensive industry initiative that sought to regulate the unevenness in the ethics compliance standards. The constant failure of industrial measures and standards led to the formulation of the first company code of ethics in 1990. This marked the beginning of the review and amendment of the broad ranging code to ensure that it complies with the relevant legal requirements (McCl enahen 2003, pp 456). Problem Statement The United Technologies Corporation is a multi unit enterprise that has a worldwide departmental collection. The management therefore faces the challenge of establishing and formulating a cross-cultural and cross-national ethical policy that will embrace all the values that are considered paramount in the various countries and cultures in which the company has offices. It also has a large conglomerate employee base of 205,700 employees who are all affected by the company’s ethical policy. Review The effectiveness or otherwise of the United Technologies Corporation’s ethics and compliance program depends on how well it serves the interests of the various concerned stakeholders such as the customers employees suppliers shareowners competitors, the community and the outstanding standard of conduct that govern the business transactions and actions in the various jurisdictions.Advertising Looking for report on business economics ? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The existing code of ethics cuts across these interests by providing for individualized provisions that address the responsibility of the company to all these stakeholders. The various interests have therefore been fairly covered as far as mechanism strategy and individual responsibility. The basic framework that is observed by all of the seven units allows each of the units to adjust their ethical provisions to suit the various jurisdictional provisions (Stewart 2005, p 8). The ethics and compliance program bears specific commitment benchmarks that are applied and observed. They facilitate the transition of the ethical provisions from one business regime to another. This provides for the performance expectations and standards that are applicable and expected form the company. It also pioneers innovation personal development and social responsibility for the benefit of the business and its propriet ors. The standards for internal growth and external relations are clearly provided in the programs provisions. These form the basis of the various alternative strategies that the member units adopt in fulfilling the objects ethics. The strategy and program also provides for the expectations and principle approach that applies to the shareowner value of the company. Conclusion and recommendations The United Technologies Corporation has successfully implemented and used the current global ethics and compliance program in its day-to-day activities. The program has suffered jurisdictional challenges that therefore needed to be addressed. The acquisition of the new unit for instance presents a new strategy challenge that needs to be addresses through the formulation of a personalized code and strategy. References Desjardins, J. (2008). An Introduction to Business Ethic. London: McGraw-Hill Humanities Social McClenahen, S. (2003). â€Å"UTC’s Master of Principle, Industry Week. ND Stewart L. (2005). United Technologies Corporation: Running A Global Ethics And Compliance Program. Business Round Table Institute for Corporate EthicsAdvertising We will write a custom report sample on The United Technologies Corporation ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This report on The United Technologies Corporation ethics was written and submitted by user Vampiro to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Direct Exchange Geothermal Heat Pump Essay Example

Direct Exchange Geothermal Heat Pump Essay Example Direct Exchange Geothermal Heat Pump Essay Direct Exchange Geothermal Heat Pump Essay Direct exchange Direct exchange geothermal heat pump The Direct exchange geothermal heat pump is the oldest type of geothermal heat pump technology. It is also the simplest and easiest to understand. The ground-coupling is achieved through a single loop circulating refrigerant in direct thermal contact with the ground (as opposed to a combination of a refrigerant loop and a water loop). The refrigerant leaves the heat pump appliance cabinet, circulates through a loop of copper tube buried underground, and exchanges heat with the ground before returning to the pump. The name direct exchange refers to heat transfer between the refrigerant and the ground without the use of an intermediate fluid. There is no direct interaction between the fluid and the earth; only heat transfer through the pipe wall. Direct exchange heat pumps are not to be confused with water-source heat pumps or water loop heat pumps since there is no water in the ground loop. ASHRAE defines the term ground-coupled heat pump to encompass closed loop and direct exchange systems, while excluding open loops. Direct exchange systems are significantly more efficient and have potentially lower installation costs than closed loop water systems. Coppers high thermal conductivity contributes to the higher efficiency of the system, but heat flow is predominantly limited by the thermal conductivity of the ground, not the pipe. The main reasons for the higher efficiency are the elimination of the water pump (which uses electricity), the elimination of the water heat exchanger (which is a source of heat losses), and most importantly, the latent heat phase change of the refrigerant in the ground itself. While they require much more refrigerant and their tubing is more expensive per foot, a direct exchange loop is shorter than a closed water loop for a given capacity. A direct exchange system requires only 15 to 30% of the length of tubing and half the diameter of drilled holes, and the drilling or excavation costs are therefore lower. Refrigerant loops are less tolerant of leaks than water loops because gas can leak out through smaller imperfections. This dictates the use of brazed copper tubing, even though the pressures are similar to water loops. The copper loop must be protected from corrosion in acidic soil through the use of a sacrificial anode or cathodic protection.

What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a Row

What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a Row What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a Row What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a Row By Mark Nichol Using a word twice in a row isn’t always a no-no, but there’s always a more elegant way to revise a sentence in which you might initially be inclined to repeat a word immediately. When words collide, try these approaches: 1. â€Å"What you do do is your own business.† Even if this sentence is intended as a counterpoint to a â€Å"what you don’t do† proposition, the emphatic first do is superfluous (â€Å"What you do is your own business†). If you must retain the repetition, introduce a separating phrase: â€Å"What you do decide to do is your own business.† 2. â€Å"They had had many arguments.† Replace the second had with a prepositional phrase (â€Å"They had gotten into many arguments†) or a more specific verb (â€Å"They had endured many arguments†), or introduce more vivid imagery into a revision (â€Å"They had verbally sparred many times†). 3. â€Å"I showed her her message.† Replace one pronoun preferably, both of the pronouns with a noun (â€Å"I showed my sister the woman’s message†). This isn’t a problem with him, because two forms of the pronoun would appear (â€Å"I showed him his message†), though, again, if him and his refer to different men, it might be better to specify, in place of one pronoun or the other, one of the men in question. 4. â€Å"He came in in disarray.† Replace the prepositional phrase with a simple verb (â€Å"She entered in disarray†). 5. â€Å"She gives in in every case.† Simply recast the final phrase (â€Å"She gives in every time†) or flip the phrase to the front (â€Å"In every case, she gives in†). 6. â€Å"What it is is a travesty.† â€Å"What it is† is always an unnecessarily verbose way to start a sentence. Start with the subject (â€Å"It’s a travesty†). 7. â€Å"I placed the card I had written on on the desk.† Recast the prepositional phrase â€Å"written on† with on at its head (â€Å"I placed the card on which I had written the note on the desk†). But first confirm that the modifying phrase involving written is necessary at all. 8. â€Å"We realize that that will not be satisfactory.† Replace the second that with a noun (â€Å"We realize that the proposal will not be satisfactory†). 9. â€Å"We will discuss this this evening.† Replace the first this with a pronoun (â€Å"We will discuss it this evening†) or a noun (â€Å"We will discuss the matter this evening†). 10. â€Å"Is there someone I can talk to to resolve the issue?† Employ a participial phrase in place in the infinitive phrase â€Å"to resolve† (â€Å"Is there someone I can talk to about resolving the issue?†) or amplify the second to by replacing it with the phrase â€Å"in order to† (â€Å"Is there someone I can talk to in order to resolve the issue?†). Occasionally, an immediate repetition of a word, separated from the first instance by punctuation, is appropriate for emphatic effect (â€Å"I have come here from far, far away†). At other times, even though punctuation separates the repetition, a recast would improve the sentence. For example, â€Å"Even though I was there, there didn’t seem to be anything for me to do† might be revised to â€Å"Even though I was there, I didn’t seem to be of any use† or â€Å"Despite my presence, there didn’t seem to be anything for me to do.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Talking5 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers20 Ways to Cry

Social Media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Media - Research Paper Example In Varnali Para 2 the companies occasionally employ interactive marketing so to engage the customers either directly or indirectly in the move to raise their brand awareness, image improvement or to promote the sale of their products and services. The applications provide an important aspect for the customers and tourists to interact with the company’s brand frequently. Due to the rampant usage of smart phones; the travel providers, hotels and tourism destinations are increasingly formulating the mobile downloadable applications for leisure and business travelers, in order to facilitate their ease of information access. Based on Varnali Para 5 the hospitality industries are exponentially building their brand awareness so as to match with their long term strategies. The McDonald chain of hotels, have their successful mobile App (McD App) which assists consumers to know the available offers, a McDonald chain store near the customer, redeemable services, directions, menu, games among others to attract potential customers. The importance of such a cost effective strategy is that, frequent customers’ interaction with the Apps necessitate awareness and the companies brand image increases. Through the positive perception of the hospitality brand images, it provides an easy method to retain the consumers for future services or products. The peer reviews provide that Perceptual habit increase the hospitality industries brand loyalty (Varnali Para 7). The American Airlines and US Airways recently merged in order to boost their competitive advantages. From the merging, the companies’ used their respective mobile Apps to notify the consumers on their redeemable options to earn loyalty points, award travels, dividends, reservations and upgrades so as the customers can earn value from their money. The companies used the merging strategy so as

Information Technology- Security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information Technology- Security - Research Paper Example United States, records concerning the use of information indicate that the concept has been fundamental when building the required trust and reliability of the information for consumers. Consequently, the concept has enhanced the availability, integrity, authenticity, confidentiality, and non- repudiation of information as discussed in this piece. An organization defines its information assurance policy as a course of actions pursued to enable organizations to obtain information assurance security. As such, the organizations formulate policies that describe appropriate behaviour concerning the use of information. In the contemporary society, the equipments and processes needed to meet the security requirements assist in the formulation of policies that govern the use of data in research (Herold & Rogers, 2011). Consequently, information assurance limits the risks that the misuses of information pose to organizations. Information assurance policies prioritize information based on the capacity of an organization to disseminate risks. Lastly, the policies concerning the use of information enhance privacy in organizations. The international Facility management association defines facility management as a profession encompassing multiple disciplines that enhances the functionality of the built environment. According ICISA & Park (2009), information assurance helps in making changes to the functional areas of an organization. Customer relation, time management, business continuity and financial awareness are some of the activities that are prone to information insecurities. Therefore, organizations need to monitor their security in order to function effectively. The management should also regulate the transmission of information in its physical form. This guarantees safe storage and usage of information. According to ICISA & Park (2009), quick response to threats changes reduces risks such as obsolescence and misuse of information. Information assurance entails

Timeline of Geometry Essay Example for Free

Timeline of Geometry Essay It is believed that geometry first came to being when and Egyptian Pharaoh wanted to tax farmers who raised crops near the Nile River. To do that the pharaoh’s agents had to measure the amount of land that was being used. 1. 2900 BC – The first pyramid was constructed. The knowledge of geometry was important due to the fact it consisted a square base and triangular faces. 2. 2000 BC- It was the earliest record of calculating the area of a triangle, however there is no tangible evidence. 3. 624-547 BC- The Thales of Miletus was said to be the person to bring the science of geometry from Egypt to Greece. He created the Thales’ Theorem. 4. 569-475 BC- The next great geometer was Pythagoras. He had created the Pythagorean Theorem that states in a right triangle the sum of sides A and B are equivalent to side C. 5. 400-355 BC- Eudoxus of Cnidus was the one who discovered the Theory of Proportions. Where in there are methods to find the area and volumes of figures with curves and many other things. 6. 382-283 BC- Euclid of Alexandra who is also known as â€Å"The father of Geometry† created a book called â€Å"The elements†. This book was the main textbook to teach math (mainly geometry). 7. 287-212 BC- Archimedes of Syracuse was the inventor of many mechanical devices such as the screw, the pulley and the lever. He discovered the measurement of a circle and his wrote a book â€Å"On the Sphere and the Cylinder† in which he showed the volumes and surface areas of spheres and cylinders. 8. 1596-1650 – Rene Descartes wrote the famous book â€Å"Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason in the Search for Truth in the Sciences. He created analytic geometry in which the geometric figure is placed into a coordinate system to show evidence and to obtain information using algebraic equations. 9. 1777-1855- Carl Friedrich Gauss with Archimedes and Newton invented non-Euclidian geometry prior to the work of Janos Bolyai and Nikolai Lobachevsky. Non-Euclidian geometry refers to any geometry that is not based in anything that predicates through Euclid. 10. 1982- The most recent development in geometry is fractal geometry. It was created by Benoit Mandelbrot in his book called â€Å"The Fractal Geometry of Nature†. Where it states that a fractal is a geometric shape that is self-similar and has fractional dimensions.

The Necklace Essay -- Literary Analysis, Guy de Maupassant

â€Å"The Necklace† Around the world, values are expressed differently. Some people think that life is about the little things that make them happy. Others feel the opposite way and that expenses are the way to live. In Guy de Maupassant’s short story, â€Å"The Necklace†, he develops a character, Madame Loisel, who illustrates her different style of assessments. Madame Loisel, a beautiful woman, lives in a wonderful home with all the necessary supplies needed to live. However, she is very unhappy with her life. She feels she deserves a much more expensive and materialistic life than what she has. After pitying herself for not being the richest of her friends, she goes out and borrows a beautiful necklace from an ally. But as she misplaces the closest thing she has to the life she dreams of and not telling her friend about the mishap, she could have set herself aside from ten years of work. Through many literary devices, de Maupassant sends a message to value less substance arti cles so life can be spent wisely. â€Å"The Necklace† ends up to be a very ironic story as it explains why valuing the more important things in life can be very effective towards a person’s happiness. One example of the story’s irony is when she is at the party dressed as a beautiful and fancy woman. ‘She danced madly, wildly, drunk with pleasure, giving no thought to anything in the triumph of her beauty, the pride of her success†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (pg 193). This is a form of dramatic irony because Guy explains earlier that Mme. Loisel is just a middle class woman who dreams of a wealthy life, but she is just alluding herself as a luxurious woman. Another example of irony in the story is when Madame found out that the necklace was paste. On page 196, Mme. Forestier, Ma... ...ches and expenses. The message to value more important things in order to have a wisely spent life is demonstrated very well through literary devices in â€Å"The Necklace†, by Guy de Maupassant. Madame undergoes an ironic moment in life as she learns what is worth valuing. She is a very greedy woman who only cares about herself. The reader would never think of her as the person to do work, but that thought changes as she misplaces what she thinks of as a valuable item. If Madame just learned how to live life in a way that will not make her upset and to value things that are valuable towards life instead of expenses, she will be better off. But this is how Madame views her life, while others take notice of the significance in their lives. Values are different towards people across the world, and Guy de Maupassant defines that in his short story, â€Å"The Necklace†.

Character Analysis of Sylvia from “A White Heron” Essay

â€Å"There never was such a child for straying about out-of-doors since the world was made† (Jewett 69). A young girl, Sylvia, lived in a city environment for the first eight years of her life. Then, Sylvia came to live with her grandmother in the country, where the little girl came alive and became one with nature. One day in her travels through the countryside with her cow she encounter a lost ornithologist who was in search of a white heron that he had spotted in the area weeks before. At first, the little girl was frightened of this man who carried and gun and killed the creatures that he cared so deeply about. She could not understand why this man would do such a thing. However, as they spent time together, Sylvia found this man most charming and delightful. In the short story, â€Å"A White Heron,† by Sarah Orne Jewett, a young country girl’s innocence is lost when her heart is torn between her love for a young bird collector and her love for nature. Sylvia is isolated while living at the farmhouse; her only companion is a cow. Sylvia may be lonely, but she is not lonesome. She is much happier and lively here than in the crowded industrial town. At the farm, she spends all day outside and lives in unity with the environment that surrounds her. â€Å"They key to her vivacity is that she is utterly in harmony with nature† (Held 171). When the ornithologist aggressively whistles in her territory her equilibrium is upset. The man explains to the horror-stricken girl that he got lost while in pursuit of the white heron. â€Å"Thus when Jewett first introduces the ornithologist himself, she labels him â€Å"the enemy† (171). There seems to be something threatening in his very â€Å"boyness† that makes Sylvia fearful. Her awe of the ornithologist may in part be caused by his being the first grow-up boy she has seen in her woodland isolation† (171). The hunter attempts to induce Sylvia to lead him to the wanted bird by offering her a reward of ten dollars. â€Å"Despite his attractive qualities, there is something insidious about his attempt to bribe the girl in effect to betray her world. He suggests a sort of blithe Satan tempting a naà ¯ve Eve to eat of the fruit Tree of Knowledge† (171). When she thinks about how poor she is, her mind wanders off after the â€Å"treasures† that his money could buy. This introduction of money into Sylvia’s simplicity disrupted her sense of loyalty to nature. However, as they spent time together, Sylvia found this man most appealing. Her virgin heart that lied dormant, vigorously awakened, as the innocent child was overwhelmed with an emotion of love towards this mysterious man. â€Å"Sylvia still watched the young man with loving admiration. She had never seen anybody so charming and delightful; the woman’s heart, asleep in the child, was vaguely thrilled by a dream of love.† This does not surprise me though, it is common for young girls to have a crush on or become attracted to a charming older man who impresses them. Sylvia knew where the sportsman could find this precious bird he was in search of. Sylvia and the man are true to the gender roles society has bestowed upon them while traveling through the dense woodlands. The female instinct inside her would not allow her to lead the guest to the heron’s nest, nor be the first to start up a conversation with the guest. Instead, she kept silent observing all around her, watching his every move, and concentrating on every word spoken from his lips. â€Å"She grieved because the longed-for white heron was elusive, but she did not lead the guest, she only followed, and there was no such thing as speaking first.† â€Å"Her socialization, ironically, saves her from revealing the bird and therefore betraying her world to this intruder†(172). The day outing with the bird collector brings Sylvia closer to him, and distances her from the natural world. She could get no sleep that night, and ventured out into the forest. She climbed, and climbed the huge oak tree in search of the heron’s nest. â€Å"Once she is aloft in the pine tree, â€Å"the sharp dry twigs caught and held her and scratched her like angry talons, the pitch made her little fingers clumsy and stiff,† as though nature itself sought to keep her from succeeding in her project and thereby breaching their heart-to-heart relationship† (173). Then came the light as she neared the treetop, and a sea of sky appeared to her over the entire countryside. Only then was the heron’s exact location of the heron’s nest showed to her. She had discovered the bird’s hiding place among the green marsh. When she sees the beautiful bird, she comes back to reality and realizes the superficiality of the man. She recognizes that the  man has come between her and nature. â€Å"In this instant Sylvia balances the desire to earn the ten dollars and to please the attractive stranger against her unspoken fidelity to nature† (173). She knew that the man was well worth making happy, and after all he promised them a nice some of money, so she would also be happy. No, Sylvia could not do it. She would not give the birds life away. The girl and bird had united that morning in the golden sea, and this forbid her to speak. Her heart had developed into that of a strong feminist who could not be swayed by the charm of a man. She gave her love and devotion to the natural world that would always be there for her. In the story, â€Å"A White Heron† the heron, Sylvia, is tempted by â€Å"evil† represented by the sportsman to betray her natural self. The story emphasizes the eternal struggle between the forces of good and evil, and the continual seduction of good by evil. The story concludes that all â€Å"woodland and summertime secrets are like the heron’s safe. For in the end the heron’s life has become the equivalent of the girl’s life, at least of her existence heart to heart with nature† (174). The story implies that in a sense Sylvia is the heron, untouched and at peace with the surrounding environment. However due to external forces, the hunter in this case, the virgin Sylvia endures a loss of innocence. If Sylvia surrendered the heron it would be the equivalence of giving up a part of her and what she stands for. The heron and Sylvia depend on each other for survival. It was impossible for her to abandon her integrity and allegiance to nature or else she would no longer be Sylvia. Sylvia was able to resist the appeal of man, money, and attention. Sylvia displayed her growth as a woman by staying committed to her strong sense of values, and strengthening her heart to heart relationship with nature. Works Cited Bogard, C.R., and J.Z. Schmidt. 1995. Legacies. Harcourt College Publishers, New York, 1380. Held, George. Short Story Criticism. Volume VI. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1990.

Juvenile Crime Paper Essay

In the juvenile justice system believes in giving a juvenile a second chance, and protects their privacy. They also want to make sure they receive treatment and support services rather than just punishment. The juvenile system focuses more on their needs, and those goals are met with treatment and rehabilitation so they won’t become repeat offenders. After a juvenile completes their program their records can be sealed or destroyed once they reach 18. The juvenile system status in question is to determine delinquency, whether an act of was violated or not. The system also wants to make sure the best interest of the child is taken into consideration, regardless if they are guilty or innocent. For the most part when a child is in custody and pending the hearing, they may be released into the custody of a parent or guardian. Juveniles have closed hearings instead of a trial. The right to a jury does not exist. A juvenile is not arrested; they are taken into custody from an order b y the judge or complaint. Usually juveniles are only incarcerated with other youth offenders and in juvenile facilities. In the adult court system the status question for adults is to determine guilt or innocence. The goal for adult proceedings is to determine offender’s guilt or innocence. Pending a trial, an adult can be released through bail, or on their own recognizance. Adult trials are open to the public, and they also have a right to a jury trial. The trial could last months, and the trial determines guilty or innocence. Adults are housed with other adult offenders in jail or prison facilities. Adults also have rights to appeal their sentence. Delinquency is the broadest usage, juvenile actions or conduct in violation of criminal law, juvenile status offenses, and other juvenile misbehavior. When my son was a juvenile and got into trouble his crimes made us appear in front of a judge who decided he was a delinquent, and he would remain in their custody until he completed  some of the programs that were assigned to him. At the time I did not understand much about the juvenile court system. That is why this class and course is so important to me. If only I knew then what I know now about the justice system it would have changed the way I handled certain situations that had to do with my son. Status offense is an act or conduct that is declared by statue to be an offense, but only when committed by or engaged in by a juvenile, ad that can be adjudicated only by a juvenile court. Oklahoma County Juvenile Justice Center in Oklahoma County has developed a Community Outreach Prevention Program to assist the community and schools on the topics of Bullies and Weapons. The program want to bring awareness to the community and schools about the effects of Bullies and Weapons. The staff consists of employees from the Juvenile Bureau who work with youth in the Detention Center and in Probation Services. The presentations are age, and audience appropriate. The Mission of the Juvenile Bureau is â€Å"To Work with the community to Prevent and Control Juvenile Delinquency.† The Juvenile Court Era was a time when children’s needs were recognized, and it led to legislation requiring juveniles to have separate hearings than adults. Later it was also thought juveniles should not have contact with adult offenders. Soon this became the model for juvenile court status throughout other states. A juvenile court was created and they applied the word delinquent instead of using criminal to juvenile offenders. The judges were expected to serve as advocates for juveniles while guiding their development. In 1938, the federal government passed the Juvenile Court Act, which embodied many of the features of the Illinois statue. By 1945, every state had enacted special legislation focusing on the handling of juveniles, and the juvenile court movement became well established. There were five philosophical principles that were summarized. (Schmalleger, 2011). 1. The state is the parent of the children. 2. The children are worth saving without harsh treatment. 3. Children should be nurtured 4. Their goal plan should be individualized just for them. 5. Noncriminal procedure are necessary to give primary consideration to the needs of the child. There are several categories of Children in the Juvenile Justice System. Theses categories are still used today in most  jurisdictions to describe the variety of children subject to juvenile court jurisdiction. 1. Delinquent children are those who have broken the criminal law. 2. Undisciplined children would be when the child is out of control. 3. Dependent children usually have no one to care for them like a parent. 4. Neglected children are those who do not receive proper care from their parents. 5. Abused children are those that suffer abuse from the very person that is suppose to be taking care of them. 6. Status offender embraces children who violate laws written only for them. I want to talk about the Homicide rate among juveniles. According to the FBI’s Supplementary Homicide Report: 1980-2010, and it provides access to more than twenty years of national and state data on h omicide victims and known homicide offenders. Until I completed some research on juvenile crime I had not realized how much crimes were committed by our youth. This has been going on for a very long time, and I don’t think people realize the impact of crime on youth today. These statistics were really heart breaking. I am really glad I chose to get a degree in this field, because in some way I would love to make a difference. With statistics like this It makes me wonder why we have so many juvenile offenders that continue to commit crimes after they have reached adulthood. I do not believe that juveniles should be housed with adult offenders. I believe our youth still have a chance at life, and they should not be blinded by a corrupt repeat offender adult. I think if given the chance adults would try to take advantage of a child to the point of rape, bribery, joining gangs, committing more crimes, and become career criminals. I would say our children are our future, and not giving up on them is the key to success. When a juvenile gets into trouble some people are so quick to just write them off. Having juveniles incarcerated with adults is like throwing them to the wolves whatever could happen usually does happen. Adults that have been incarcerated for some time prey on new young fish. They are looking for someone to keep them satisfied by any means necessary. In order for our youth to become productive individuals in society we have to provide the education and the tools that are needed. When a juvenile commit a crime we should first look at why the crime was committed, was it due to neglect, abuse, or something like that. Then when we figure out what the problem is rehabilitation can be created to reform the juvenile offender, and provide the necessary skills to help them in the future. When juveniles are given a sentence, and they have to be incarcerated for an extended period of time they lose contact with family members and friends. Some parents try to be there for their children however they leave them in there to do for themselves. Some parents feel that will teach the juvenile a lesson about getting into trouble. References Oklahoma county Juvenile Justice Center. (2004). C.O.P Program. Retrieved from http://www.oklahomacounty.org Puzzanchera, C. C., & Kang, W. G. (2012). Easy Access to the FBI’s Supplementary Homicide Reports: 1980-2010. Retrieved from http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezashr Schmalleger, F. (2011). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century (11th ed.). Unknown: Prentice Hall. U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs. (2009). Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.ojjdp

Acid Base Science Fair Project Ideas

Acid Base Science Fair Project Ideas Are you looking for a science fair idea involving acids, bases, or pH? Here are some ideas to get you started: Measure the amount of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in orange juice (or another juice). Test to see how the amount of vitamin C changes after the juice is exposed to air (or light or heat).Simulate acid rain by adding an acid to water. You can use pH paper to test whether the acidity is changed after water runs through different types of soil or through plant root systems.Is the acidity of apples (malic acid) affected by their ripeness?See if you can make your own pH indicator from common plants or chemicals.Measure the pH of common acidic beverages (soft drinks, lemonade, orange juice, tomato juice, milk, etc.) and examine how easily they corrode metal (such as iron). Another idea: which is more corrosive? A salt solution or an acidic liquid?Do all brands of orange juice contain the same amount of ascorbic acid?Compare the effects of different acidic fruit juices and liquids (e.g., vinegar) at preventing apple browning.Which animals saliva has the lowest pH? You could test humans, dogs, cats, possibly other species. What is the effect of pH on growth or survivability of daphnia (an aquatic crustacean)? You could test other factors too, such as salinity or the presence of detergent in the water.How does the pH of the water affect tadpole development?Does acid rain (real or simulated) affect the number and type of organelles seen in algae under the microscope?Which is a better conductor of electricity, an acid or a base?Does the pH of water affect the growth or survivability of mosquito larvae?

General James Wolfe in the French and Indian War

General James Wolfe in the French and Indian War Major General James Wolfe was one of Britains most famous commanders during the French and Indian/Seven Years War (1754-1763). Entering the army at a young age, he distinguished himself during the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) as well as aided in putting down the Jacobite Rising in Scotland. With the beginning of the Seven Years War, Wolfe initially served in Europe before being dispatched to North America in 1758. Serving under Major General Jeffery Amherst, Wolfe played a key role in the capture of the French fortress at Louisbourg and then received command of the army tasked with taking Quebec. Arriving before the city in 1759, Wolfe was killed in the fighting as his men defeated the French and captured the city. Early Life James Peter Wolfe was born January 2, 1727, at Westerham, Kent. The eldest son of Colonel Edward Wolfe and Henriette Thompson, he was raised locally until the family moved to Greenwich in 1738. From a moderately distinguished family, Wolfes uncle Edward held a seat in Parliament while his other uncle, Walter, served as an officer in the British Army. In 1740, at the age of thirteen, Wolfe entered the military and joined his fathers 1st Regiment of Marines as a volunteer. The following year, with Britain fighting Spain in the War of Jenkins Ear, he was prevented from joining his father on Admiral Edward Vernons expedition against Cartagena due to illness. This proved to be a blessing as the attack was a failure with many of the British troops succumbing to disease during the three-month campaign. The conflict with Spain soon became absorbed into the War of the Austrian Succession. War of the Austrian Succession In 1741, Wolfe received a commission as a second lieutenant in his fathers regiment. Early the following year, he transferred to the British Army for service in Flanders. Becoming a lieutenant in the 12th Regiment of Foot, he also served as the units adjutant as it assumed a position near Ghent. Seeing little action, he was joined in 1743 by his brother Edward. Marching east as part of George IIs Pragmatic Army, Wolfe traveled to southern Germany later that year. During the course of the campaign, the army was trapped by the French along the Main River. Engaging the French at the Battle of Dettingen, the British and their allies were able to throw back several enemy assaults and escape the trap. Highly active during the battle, the teenage Wolfe had a horse shot from under him and his actions came to the attention of the Duke of Cumberland. Promoted to captain in 1744, he was shifted to the 45th Regiment of Foot. Seeing little action that year, Wolfes unit served in Field Marshal George Wades failed campaign against Lille.  A year later, he missed the Battle of Fontenoy as his regiment was posted to garrison duty at Ghent. Departing the city shortly before its capture by the French, Wolfe received a promotion to brigade major. A short time later, his regiment was recalled to Britain to aid in defeating the Jacobite Rebellion led by Charles Edward Stuart. The Forty-Five Dubbed The Forty-Five, Jacobite forces defeated Sir John Cope at Prestonpans in September after mounting an effective Highland charge against the government lines. Victorious, the Jacobites marched south and advanced as far as Derby. Dispatched to Newcastle as part of Wades army, Wolfe served under Lieutenant General Henry Hawley during the campaign to crush the rebellion. Moving north, he took part in the defeat at Falkirk on January 17, 1746. Retreating to Edinburgh, Wolfe and the army came under the command of Cumberland later that month. Shifting north in pursuit of Stuarts army, Cumberland wintered in Aberdeen before resuming the campaign in April. Marching with the army, Wolfe took part in the decisive Battle of Culloden on April 16 which saw the Jacobite army crushed. In the wake of the victory at Culloden, he famously refused to shoot a wounded Jacobite soldier despite orders from either the Duke of Cumberland or Hawley. This act of mercy later endeared him to the Scottish troops under his command in North America. The Continent and Peace Returning to the Continent in 1747, Wolfe served under Major General Sir John Mordaunt during the campaign to defend Maastricht. Taking part in the bloody defeat at the Battle of Lauffeld, he again distinguished himself and earned an official commendation. Wounded in the fighting, he remained in the field until the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the conflict in early 1748. Already a veteran at age twenty-one, Wolfe was promoted to major and assigned to command the 20th Regiment of Foot at Stirling. Often battling ill-health, he worked tirelessly to improve his education and in 1750 received a promotion to lieutenant colonel. In 1752, Wolfe received permission to travel and made trips to Ireland and France. During these excursions, he furthered his studies, made several important political contacts, and visited important battlefields such as the Boyne . The Seven Years' War While in France, Wolfe received an audience with Louis XV and worked to enhance his language and fencing skills. Though wishing to remain in Paris in 1754, the declining relationship between Britain and France forced his return to Scotland. With the formal beginning of the Seven Years War in 1756 (fighting began in North America two years earlier), he was promoted to colonel and ordered to Canterbury, Kent to defend against an anticipated French invasion. Shifted to Wiltshire, Wolfe continued to battle health issues leading some to believe that he was suffering from consumption. In 1757, he rejoined Mordaunt for a planned amphibious attack on Rochefort. Serving as quartermaster general for the expedition, Wolfe and the fleet sailed on September 7. Though Mordaunt captured ÃŽle dAix offshore, he proved reluctant to press on to Rochefort despite having caught the French by surprise. Advocating aggressive action, Wolfe scouted the approaches to the city and repeatedly asked for troops to execute an attack. The requests were refused and the expedition ended in failure. Louisbourg Despite the poor results at Rochefort, Wolfes actions brought him to the attention of Prime Minister William Pitt. Seeking to expand the war in the colonies, Pitt promoted several aggressive officers to high ranks with the goal of achieving decisive results. Elevating Wolfe to brigadier general, Pitt sent him to Canada to serve under Major General Jeffery Amherst. Tasked with capturing the fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, the two men formed an effective team. In June 1758, the army moved north from Halifax, Nova Scotia with naval support provided by Admiral Edward Boscawen. On June 8, Wolfe was tasked with leading the opening landings in Gabarus Bay. Though supported by the guns of Boscawens fleet, Wolfe and his men were initially prevented from landing by French forces. Pushed east, they located a small landing area protected by large rocks. Going ashore, Wolfes men secured a small beachhead which allowed the remainder of Wolfes men to land. Having gained a foothold ashore, he played a key role in Amhersts capture of the city the following month. With Louisbourg taken, Wolfe was ordered to raid French settlements around the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Though the British had wished to attack Quebec in 1758, defeat at the Battle of Carillon on Lake Champlain and the lateness of the season prevented such a move. Returning to Britain, Wolfe was tasked by Pitt with the capture of Quebec. Given the local rank of major general, Wolfe sailed with a fleet led by Admiral Sir Charles Saunders. To Quebec Arriving off Quebec in early June 1759, Wolfe surprised the French commander, the Marquis de Montcalm, who had expected an attack from the south or west. Establishing his army on the Ile dOrlà ©ans and the south shore of the St. Lawrence at Point Levis, Wolfe began a bombardment of the city and ran ships past its batteries to reconnoiter for landing places upstream. On July 31, Wolfe attacked Montcalm at Beauport but was repulsed with heavy losses (Map). Stymied, Wolfe began to focus on landing to west of the city. While British ships raided upstream and threatened Montcalms supply lines to Montreal, the French leader was forced to disperse his army along the north shore to prevent Wolfe from crossing. Not believing that another assault at Beauport would be successful, Wolfe began planning a landing just beyond Pointe-aux-Trembles. This was canceled due to poor weather and on September 10 he informed his commanders that he intended to cross at Anse-au-Foulon. A small cove southwest of the city, the landing beach at Anse-au-Foulon required British troops to come ashore and ascend a slope and small road to reach the Plains of Abraham above. Moving forward on the night of September 12/13, British forces succeeded in landing and reaching the plains above by morning. Plains of Abraham Forming for battle, Wolfes army was confronted by French troops under Montcalm. Advancing to attack in columns, Montcalms lines were quickly shattered by British musket fire and soon began retreating. Early in the battle, Wolfe was struck in the wrist. Bandaging the injury he continued, but was soon hit in the stomach and chest. Issuing his final orders, he died on the field. As the French retreated, Montcalm was mortally wounded and died the next day. Having won a key victory in North America, Wolfes body was returned to Britain where he was interred in the family vault at St. Alfege Church, Greenwich alongside his father. Death of Wolfe by Benjamin West. Photograph Source: Public Domain

CASE5 599 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CASE5 599 - Coursework Example 133) A reinforcing loop generally develops the market value of a company along with its policy framework and a clear cut course of action. For instance in the case of a company like Whole Foods Market, the management is actively implementing the core value of satisfying and gratifying their customers with an intention to retain them. This is giving rise to a reinforcing loop. The loop starts at the core value specification, which can be diagnosed as the causal factor. The loop is processed through the organization’s customer oriented activities culminating at customer centric relationship management. The loop is then reinforced by the returning customers. This happens in consequence to the causal policy that finally results into its reiteration by the virtue of the company’s active and deployable business methods. â€Å"Balancing loops are system processes triggered to bring the system back to a preestablished norm† (Notter and Grantt, 2011, p. 133) A balancing l oop is a kind of automatic control within the organization which may bring about considerable damage if not terminated in proper time. This is a case in which a system is constrained within highly tacit parameters (Notter and Grant, 2011; Sterman, 2000). ... This oversensitivity in establishing one of the primary core values to deal with the marketing processes appears to be causing a balancing loop. The loop is executing through the unopposed policy specification and then exposing the organization to tougher competition. Figure – 1: The Reinforcement Loop formed due to Customer Centric Management Figure – 2: Setting product quality specifications with excessive stringency may lead to a negative balancing loop Part 2 Traditionally, scholars and professionals in the field of management and business research used to accept the notion of organizational learning, but its definition and theory remained unclear for a considerable period of time. However, as early as 1985, Fiol and Lyles (1985, p. 804) pointed out that â€Å"Some agreement exists that distinctions must be made between individual and organizational learning.† Consequently, it becomes an imperative to contemplate on the concept that individual learning is vit al for an organization, but organizational learning cannot be regarded as merely the sum total of each member’s erudition. An organization, unlike an individual, builds up and maintains learning mechanisms. These mechanisms influence the organization’s immediate members. Moreover, these mechanisms help in transmitting the learning outcomes to others by the means of organizational histories, paradigms, and norms. (Notter and Grant, 2011; Argyris, 1990; Fiol and Lyles, 1985) So the theory of organizational learning has emerged on the fundamentals of the earlier works regarding organizational processes and needs. In providing a summary on the most important information on organizational learning (especially at the executive level), reviewing the works of Dixon (1999) can be highly rewarding.

COMMUNICATING RISK-POST KATRINA BY PETE CALI Assignment

COMMUNICATING RISK-POST KATRINA BY PETE CALI - Assignment Example The 1978 map below shows the impact of the growth population on the sypress swamp areas are more land was reclaimed to pave way for resettlement implying that the city was barely protected from any hurricane flooding. The encroachment and growth of the population behind the hurricane protection system indicates the level of confidence the people had in the engineering projects to protect them from floods. The Katrina had devastating effects in the city of New Orleans. Firstly, ninety-five percent of homes in New Orleans East were flooded while 10,000 homes in the Greater New Orleans area were destroyed. Secondly, the Katrina destroyed vital infrastructure such as roads, sewerage, gas and water pumping stations, hospitals and public transportation. Thirdly, the Katrina destroyed approximately 160 miles of flood protection levees and floodwalls at the London Avenue Canal, the Inner Harbor Navigation Canal and the 17th Street Canal. According to Pete Cali, the Katrina caused 50 breaches in the hurricane protection system. Forty-six of these breaches were caused by overtopping that caused excessive scour at the floodwall base or levee toe and four were caused by floodwall failures due to water loads within the design conditions. Cali argues that these failures were imbedded in three engineering mistakes namely: insufficient levee height, the use of substandard soil in the construction of the levee and inadequate definition of possible failure mechanisms. Despite the devastating impact of the Katrina on the city of New Orleans, it is imperative to note that the heart of the City, especially the French Quarter, the Garden District and the Saint Charles Avenue were spared from severe damage. However, the damage can still be felt in the Ninth Ward and the New Orleans East whose water supply and sewerage system is yet to be repaired and the housing facilities are barely enough to accommodate half the pre-Katrina population. Due to the limitations in the tax revenue,

Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect Literature review

Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect - Literature review Example All the trading activities are limited to the utilization of RMB as the standard currency. This investment channel has opened up new markets which have not been available to international investors operating in Hong Kong. This channel has expanded the access to investment options which are available to different investors within China. International investors in Hong Kong can be able to access and purchase shares listed in the mainland stock market while operating from their location (Sekine 2014). All these transactions will be facilitated through local stock brokers and agents within the different locations. Previously, the investors within the different regions could only access stock within their market and had to be registered in either Hong Kong or Chinese markets to be able to conduct trade there. Despite the development of a joint stock market investment opportunity which presents significant benefits to trader, there are various restrictions in the trading activities which investors can pursue. These restrictions have occurred as a result of the regulation available within the market. There is need for regulation to be implemented in seeking to ensure there is market control in how trading is conducted. The channel has created formula for defining the eligible investors who will be allowed to conduct trade within the channel that is being developed. Investors from Hong Kong and international investors are allowed to access all types of eligible stocks within the shanghai stock market. This will nevertheless not be the circumstance for investors listed in the shanghai stock exchange. The investors from shanghai who can trade in shares within Hong Kong are only institutional investors and individuals who have RMB 500,000 of investment or cash. Only ‘A’ shares from the Shanghai market are included within the eligible shares which can be traded in the channel. Certain constituent stocks of these ‘A’ shares are also accessible to Hong

Amway Company Analysis

Amway Company Analysis Executive Summary Introduction to Contemporary Development in Business and Management Business environment comprise of political, economic, social and technological (PEST) forces that have the power to control and influence of a business, and that can potentially have both a positive and a negative impact on the business. As we can see, the current economic downturn began with a decline in the business capital and investment. As a result of it, lots of big corporation started to layoff its employee to reduce cost of employment or payout, companies restructuring its strategies, inventory liquidation, practising eco-friendly concept and consumer spending becomes more wane. For instance, ‘the Chicago Boeings Commercial Airplane unit setting its plan to reduce its employment from 20,000 to 30,000 people by the year of 2002, in order to support the uncertainty of the environment faced by its airplane customers Boeing, (2001). Also, ‘retailers reduce its product price and designer products such as Gucci started to merge with other luxury stores to reduce the charge for some goods. This is because consumers tends to focus what they needs, but not what they wants D innocenzio (2009). Basically, the internal environment of a business involves everything within the organisation, such as the organisations structure and culture, its human relations policies and procedures, the skills and experience of the staffs. While the external environment affects every work team in the business and affects the business as a whole. These influences can be categorised under the headings political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, legal and eco-environmental, mnemonic PESTLE. Both, internal and external environment plays an important part in an organisation as they internal environment have influence on the external environment and businesss external environment has a major influence on all of the businesss activity. Introduction to Company Background Amway is a pioneer and leader of worlds largest direct selling companies which are started by Jay Van Andel and Rich Devos in year 1959. The parent company of Amway is actually Alticor Inc. Today, Amway operates in more than 80 countries and territories in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. It offers business opportunity to the people based on retailing beauty, nutritional, wellness and household products. Amway has more than 13,000 employees worldwide while it distributors are part of sales force of more than 3 million owners around the world (Amway, 2006). In this project, I have chosen Amway in China. Amway (China) co. Limited (ACCL) headquarter is in Guangzhou and has two regional offices in Beijing and Shanghai, with more than 5,000 employees and 200 thousand independent business owners (IBOs) in various facilities across the country. ACCL has received the ISO 9001:2000 certificate for quality management and ISO 14001:1996 certificate for environment management. Other than that, ACCL has sponsored more than 3,100 social projects such as health, children, and environmental protection project and with the total contribution of nearly RMB 190 million (Amway China, 2006). Challenges faced by Amway in China When Amway enter to China, the company takes time to adjust to the local culture. As a result, the company use the principles of their business concept which is able to adapt to any country around the world and. The company was operated by the local employee to help them enhance the culture knowledge, give advice on direction of the development of the company and also to run the business as they are more familiar with the local cultures (China Daily, 2008). Besides that, they also meet pyramid selling threats. This is because; the local Chinese people cannot distinguish between direct selling and pyramid selling. The company was forced to cease the operation for two months. However, their worked to explain the nature of the business and how it could contribute to the development of the country and finally they were allowed to reopen again (China Daily, 2008). Although it was a difficult challenges to overcome, but they gain greater respect for and a better understanding to the Chines e government. Internal Analysis of the Company By analysing the internal itself of an organisation, the organisation is able to determine what it can do to achieve the objectives. From there, a company will be able to match a function of its resources, capabilities, core competencies, and competitive advantages with the function of it opportunities and threats in the external environment. This allows the company to develop visible vision, mission, and select a properly strategies to be implemented. There are few models that we can use to analysis the internal environment such as SWOT analysis and perceptual mapping. SWOT Analysis ‘SWOT refers to a method for analysing four aspects of an organisation and is a way of conducting performance audit method, means, and their effectiveness Kaufman, Oakley-Browne, Watkins, Leigh (2003 p, 259). First of all is strength, which is analysing those strengths of the organisation. This will allow future strategies and tactics to be implemented successfully. Second, weakness is to analyse those internal processes, resources, and cultural elements that will be barriers to achieving organisation objectives. Third, opportunities is to analyse those demands and influences in the environment that could be used in future to develop better methods. And finally, threats is analyse those external demand and influences in the environment that could be a barriers to future outcomes. Company Vision The ACCL vision is to work each and every day to help people to live better lives. By helping people everywhere to discover their potential goals, offering better value and quality products for consumers, sharing generously with the global community, the corporate contributions that help improve the quality of live in China and by providing personal assistance to individuals in need especially children. Other than that, the Company takes pride in their commitment to business excellence, caring for people and their communities and concern for the environment. Functions are perform by IBOs IBOs is an Independent Business Owners which perform function associated with management. They are in-charge in organising meetings and events. Also, they devise incentive programs and recruitments. Marketing for Amway products and the Amway business is also part of their responsibility. Perceptual Mapping External Analysis of the Company Changes in the business environment create both opportunities and threats to the organisations development. Therefore, it is important to ensure there is a continuous monitoring the environment of the organisation in order to build its business, development strategic capabilities that move the organisation forward and improving its services and products to meet the need of customers. Ecological Factors ‘Corporate ecology is a term used to describe process through which resources are allocated and transformed by corporate entities for use by citizen in modern, free market societies ( Sharma, Starik, and Husted, 2007, p,140). It represents a mindset direct toward deeper understanding and appreciation of the dynamic process through which resources are redistributed. In other words, as corporations act in pursuit of their goals they have direct and indirect impact on a variety of people, communities, governments and the natural environmental systems such as air, water, and biodiversity. Its influences within Organisation Policies and Decision Making There are quite a numbers of community programs has been carry out by ACCL. For instance, ACCL sponsored environmental theme park in China. The event was held on 13th and 14th June, 2008 to create awareness to the children to protecting the environment. Apart from that, this program helps enhance peoples environmental awareness by identifying the blind spots of environmental protection. Meanwhile, to support the Amway vision by helping people live better lives in China (Hertstein, 2009). Next, ACCL donated 1.06million Yuan to set up Amway Spring Bud Teacher Training Centre in Dayang on May 2008. ACCl partnered with China children and teenagers fund (CCTF) to launch the charity fund which focuses on providing long-term professional education and physiological training for the local teachers (China Daily, 2009). The purposes of the events was to help local teachers have a better understanding towards childrens psychological characteristics, psychological therapy practice on kids, and psychological self relief of the teachers at the earthquake-stricken area. Aside from psychological counselling, the charity project also aims to rebuild the education infrastructure and repair schools. Furthermore, on 8th May, 2008 the ‘Sunshine Project is cooperation between ACCL with the China Children and Teenagers Fund (CCTF). Due to a nationwide urbanization initiative in China, children of migrant families believe to have not received the same education and health support as compared with other city children. Project Sunshine is aim to make a significant impact and create awareness of this social issue. Meanwhile, helping, identify needs and give support to these migrant children and family and create an opportunity for them to share same education and health support. Evaluate the Effectiveness of the Organisation Response The event of ACCL sponsoring of Environment Theme park has resulted increasing interest in environmental protection and realising the importance of harmony between economic and environmental development from the Chinese government (Herstein, 2009). On 31st May, 2009 Amway was granted the ‘China Childrens Charity Award by the All China Womens Federation (ACWF) and CCTF in recognition of the Amway Spring Bud Teacher Training Centre (Herstein, 2009). These teachers from the centre were estimated will help 15,000 children. On 31st March, 2009, Amways Project Sunshine received two recognitions from China Enterprise News which are ‘Excellent Corporate Social Responsibility Program for a Multinational Corporations and ‘Most Innovative Corporate Social Responsibility Program (Herstein, 2009). In the next three years, more than 45,000 children will be empowered with knowledge through various activities that integrate migrant children with urban school children by Amway community.

Consuming Kids (summary) :: essays research papers fc

Technology & Society (HUM110-80) CONSUMING KIDS Summary on Article, â€Å"Pubic Attitudes Toward the Youth Marketing Industry & Its Impact on Children† â€Å"Few public opinion polls exist concerning the burgeoning youth marketing industry. We therefore conducted an online survey of 978 U.S. residents in the Spring of 2004. Results suggest that a large majority of respondents believe: a) that the youth marketing industry is harmful to children and has questionable ethical practices: b) that the industry contributes to a variety of problems common in youth: c) that most of the marketing which takes place in schools is unacceptable: and d) that marketing directed at children under 8 years of age should be prohibited†, (Kasser and Linn). This survey was born out of concern that there are few statistics on the effects of marketing industry’s impact on our youth. Just as the article on â€Å"Consuming Kids† raises awareness about children being lured into believing they can’t live without things and the problems rising out of it. This survey makes us aware of how this market is willing to sacrifice the sanctity of family life by undermining the parents via their television while children watch mega hours of uninterrupted commercials aimed at them. These surveys were compared with a couple of sparsely completed other ones. The respondents felt that problems such as: aggressiveness, materialism, obesity, lack of creativity, overly sexualized behavior and self-esteem, were detrimentally influenced by the youth marketing industry. The solutions were simple enough, over half believed that schools should be commercial free zones, children’s television should be commercial free, (PBS has it), marketing to children should be subject to more government oversight, marketing to children 12 and under should be prohibited. There has got to be a stemming of the tide of the marketing industry exploiting children at such young ages. The survey results suggested the marketing industry’s is compromising its ethics for sales, is potentially harmful, needs regulation, the school should not be the place to market their products, even though the schools say it is helping them financially.

My favourite film: Avatar Essay

My favourite movie is Avatar which premiered in 2009. I went to see the film to the cinema as I heard earlier that it is very spectacular and it must be watched in the pictures. What’s more it is a 3D movie and we needed 3D glasses to experience all the special effects it contained. Avatar is a science fiction film written and directed by James Cameron. The film is set in 2154, when humans are mining a precious mineral called unobtanium on Pandora which is a moon. The expansion of the mining colony threatens the existence of a local tribe of Na’vi—a humanoid species indigenous to Pandora. The film’s title refers to the hybrid bodies used by a team of human researchers to interact with the natives of Pandora. The film broke several box office records during its release and became the highest-grossing film of all time in the U.S. and Canada and also worldwide. Avatar was nominated for nine Academy Awards. The main character of the film is Jake Sully, a former Marine. When his brother is killed in a robbery, he decides to take his place in a mission on the distant world of Pandora. There he learns of greedy figurehead Parker Selfridge’s intentions in which he wants to drive off the native â€Å"Na’vis† in order to mine for the precious material which can be found in their rich woodland. While Jake begins to bond with the native tribe and quickly falls in love with the beautiful alien Neytiri. Selfridge moves forward with his extermination tactics and he forces the soldier to take a stand – and fight back in an epic battle for the fate of Pandora.

Choosing the Best Method of Service Desk Automation for a Growing Government

Organizations and companies come up with plan that are aimed at ensuring their success in meeting the needs of their customers as a step towards the achievement of organizational goals. Therefore, planning is the first step towards the realization of a companies goals as laid down by its vision and mission statement. Coming up with a good policy is not good enough if any organization is to meet its goals and thus communication of the goals to all members of the organization is equally important in the realization of the goals.The communication mechanism and the means adopted are the key aspects that determine the success of this phase and therefore they have to be well researched on and be relevant to the organization. The formulation and the communication phases are just the fist two steps which act as a guide toward the implementation phase in strategic planning. The implementation phase in strategic development can be described as the action phase. Therefore, as much as the formul ation and communication phase play important roles in the strategic development, much emphasis is placed on implementation.Formulation and implementation are a must and communication is considered a means to the success of the process. Thus the implementation phase is one of the most monitored and resource intensive phase in strategic development to ensure effectiveness and efficiency in delivery and thus the success of the entire strategic development. The importance of information in the modern information conscious society can never be under stated. As it is often the case, effective management of information system is not a Sunday afternoon walk on the beach.It is far from defined and is often filled with uncertainties. Furthermore, the benefits of automating the implementation have been too tempting for most organizations and thus the emergence of a system that allows for automation of the last two processes in strategic planning is seen as inevitable in organizations that are serious about staying afloat. The question is no longer about automation but rather about how to go about it. Problem Statement Two approaches to the development of automation for organization that are moving from a manual system have been adopted.An organization moving from an old system may choose to either develop their own or buy an already made system. There are several issue involved in deciding on whether to buy or to build a system and thus every organization must look at these factors keenly before making a decision as it has a great bearing on the effectiveness of the organization in meeting the needs of its customers and their expectation at the time of implementation and in future. Furthermore, such strategic decisions that affect an organization's future invariably have an effect on almost all aspects of the organization including the stakeholders.Development of in-house software requires long term commitment in terms of resources and time from developers who often have too much to do and not enough time (Jenny, 2004). On the other hand, if a company decides to purchase the software it effectively enters a long term business relation with a vendor who not only charge high amounts for the purchase of the license but a considerable chunk of the organizations finances will be directed towards the customization and installation of the software.The organization which is medium sized and in its active growth period faces a tough decision on the implementation of the software especially in consideration of the relative advantages and disadvantages of each approach. The advantages of building an automated help desk support system may include the reduction of the cost involved, moreover the organizations labor force are presented with a chance to understand the in details with regards to the working of the automated support system.Furthermore, the need for training of supports staff for information technology is eliminated as they are responsible for the s ystems existence and are thus well conversant on its operations. On the other hand, the disadvantage may include the need for IT labor can be significant in the organizations budget, furthermore the approach does not have any form of guarantee that will help the organization in recovery in case the system crashes as they are solely responsible for the existence and maintenance of the system.In addition, the approach is associated with a considerable amount of pain experienced by the customers and the end users of the system in case of system malfunction or lapse in performance. Lastly the building process can be so demanding on an in-house IT department or team that is not well conversed with the application that the organization intends to come up with. A decision to buy the office help support system involves a thorough survey and the calculation of the total cost involved in ownership, determination of the best software company and product and the actual purchase of the automated office support system (Coldwell, 1999).The determination of what the company needs is a very critical part in the decision making process as most individuals and executive often fail at this phase and instead state what the organizations wants. Moreover, the considerations on the financial stability of the software company and their level of experience all come in handy in the decision making process. After the determination of all these, the focus hen shifts to what the organization needs after which a purchase is made.Some of the benefits associated with this approach include increase in user satisfaction, well developed user support, reduced need for internal help support and easy access to support any time of the day. The disadvantages may include increased cost associated with training of staff on the use of the new software, furthermore the process of buying which is quite length may ignore some aspects leading to the purchase of a poor help support system. Lastly, customizat ion of the systems to meet the needs of the customers is done by an outsider which often lead to conflict of interest. Significance of the StudyUsing a help desk management software leads to the increase in efficiency in operation as it allows for the solution of some of the redundant issues over call. This has the effect of reducing traveling costs and man-hour billing to field engineers as they go to customer sites. Research Question The purpose of this research is to determine whether purchasing COTS or building a service desk tracking application is best for the automation and tracking of the GovComm, Inc. Engineering Support Services’ Helpdesk. To answer this question, this research must explore: ? The entities of GovComm, Inc.Engineering Support Services’ Helpdesk ? Based on advantages and disadvantages, which qualities of each configuration best adhere to Engineering Support Services automation and asset tracking; ? If these applications fulfill stakeholders' re quirements Design and Methodology This research is qualitative, drawing mostly from a review of the literature on the subject of Helpdesk/support desk tracking applications and the battle of building versus buying to determine which application structure provides efficient asset tracking, failure notification, and metrics collection. GovComm, Inc.’s Engineering Support Services will be reviewed to discover details that might affect the factors that will contribute to the decision of choosing build or buy. From the review of the internal workings of GovComm, Inc. ’s Engineering Support Services a decision will be made upon comparison with the inherent nature of the two systems of implementation. Chapter 2 Literature Review Automated office systems support (AOSS) is a model made up of teams of technicians in computer who are charged with the responsibility of providing a variety of support activities in a desktop computer environment and area networks for any organizatio n.To ensure the provision of high quality services and products, each of these teams must follow the processes, standard and procedures. A process referred to as quality assurances is used in monitoring and evaluation of the level of adherence to the procedures processes and standard in a bid to determine the potential quality that the product will attain. Therefore, QA involves review and audit of the services and activities as a means of verification of their compliance with the relevant procedures and standards so as to assure the appropriate results are seen.The question of whether to buy or build an AOSS is one of the very complex decisions that an organization has to deal with in its daily activities. It is in deed a perpetual dilemma for the organizations that are contemplating on automating their office activities. Buying implies purchasing an off-shelf Automated office systems support that are produced in mass by some software company, more often multinationals (Leopoldo, 1 999). The products typically contain contents that are not unique to a particular organizations or user population needs.Moreover, it is the general trend in the software industry to create new softwares that do no conflict with the existing and thus the technology can be implemented without conflict with the existing systems. Build imply the creation of Automated office systems support from scratch (Leopoldo, 1999). Therefore, the process of building requires the determination of the organizational needs, the data and information nature and needs of the organization, design of the system an the actual implementation of the system.The process of building may and often include testing the end product to ensure that its functionality are as per the objectives that acted as the basis for its formulation (Leopoldo, 1999). A decision to buy or build a Automated office systems support may seem to be complex but in reality it can be reduced to three considerations: Resources, Needs and uni queness. The organization must clearly determine its needs and wants before a decision is made, this may involve identification of features which are critical in meeting the organizations needs. In determination of the organizational needs they must consider the following:? Organizational objectives ? Skills ? Information needs ? Culture ? Corporate direction. Meeting all the needs is an impossible event and therefore setting priorities is inevitable. Resources Resource as a factor is one that many organizations and individual would quickly jump at an opportunity to ignore. However, examination of resources is a very important aspect to the development agenda. Moreover, many organizations make the mistake of viewing resource in the monetary dimension only. Although money as a resource is quite critical, two other pieces; time and personnel, need to be considered to complete the puzzle (Shrapre, 1999).Time When taken in the context of either building or buying a Automated office syst ems support, time takes the following into account: ? The time that will taken in decision making. ? The developmental time of the Automated office systems support including the time taken in testing. ? The time taken in rolling out the Automated office systems support or implement it within the organization. Analysis of organizations against the three time variables helps in the determination of the importance of time in deciding whether to buy or build. Decision makingThe time taken by the organization in making decision is quite varied and cannot be correctly determined as the nature of the problem and other variables that can never be determined nor controlled easily have a great bearing on the total time (Curan & Mitchell, 2001). The nature of the organization and the kind of decision to be made also have a bearing on the time taken. It time critical decision making the aspects of time is important and the challenge thus lies in coming up with sound decision within limited time (Curan & Mitchell, 2001).Most theories adopted in decision making leave out the time taken in selection of actions which is often considerable in organizations where the decisions are viewed differently by constituent members (Curan & Mitchell, 2001). Coming up with a solution that are made without consideration of a well carried out problem solving session could lead to solutions that lack in operational significance, thus any decision making should be aimed at finding the solution that is either associated with the least cost or most returns of the total costs (Curan & Mitchell, 2001).In coming up with the cost, organizations must include the cost and effort taken in thinking and coming up with a plan or a policy in determination of the time taken in decision making. The problem with time considerations is that complex problems may hinder the development of best solutions (Spezzano & Mertens, 1999). In some instances, coming up with the best solutions could be within organization s grasp but the cost associated with such may not be acceptable to the organization. The organizational structure plays a great role in the speed of the decision making process (Spezzano & Mertens, 1999).A structure whereby all members of the organization have to be involved is time consuming (Kaplinsky, 2007). Such an approach is inclusive and the decisions made from this approach are more likely to meet both the needs and wants of the organization. The implementation of such policies is often smooth as those charged with the responsibility of carrying out the policies are well aware of the good and thus have the motivation required for the implementation. The tread off in this approach is the time taken; the approach requires organization wide consultation and is time intensive.Getting the opinion of each and everyone in a medium or large organization and coming upon with a decision based on their varied views can be demanding on an organization's financial resources and time. Mos t organizations have adopted a mechanism where the executives and top managers exclusively take part in the formulation of the policies. Such an approach is time conscious and often leads to timely formulation of policies. Despite this, the relevance of the policies to the needs of the organization is brought into question as the people charged with the responsibility of implementation are not included in the formulation.Policies implemented through this mechanism often address what the organization wants rather than what it needs since organizations are best known by the people charged with the duty of policy implementation. Deciding on the correct approach is thus complicated as both time and relevance of decisions are very important, moreover, company heads have in a number of occasions made decisions that have turned out to be for the good of organizations without necessarily involving everyone, this complicates the issue even further.Therefore, organizations have to consider al l the factors inherent of their organization that affect the decision making effort and thus the cost of decision making associated with each approach before deciding on whether to buy or build Automated office systems support. Developmental Time The time taken in the development of Automated office systems support varies with the approach employed. Other factors inherent of an organization also play an important part in the determination of the total time the organization will take in coming up with a new system (Tapscott, 1998).The developmental time can be viewed in two contexts; the time taken in building an Automated office systems support and the time taken in buying an off-shelf Automated office systems support. The time taken in building a new Automated office systems support is generally larger than that taken in buying (Tapscott, 1998). Moreover, the factors that are influential on the overall time taken in building are more compared to those in buying.The total time taken in building is influenced by internal and external factors which include; the availability of resources, the organization and coordination of all those involved in the implementation of the project. The level and the availability of the required expertise within the organizations working environment is a consideration. The availability of the required software and hardware components necessary in coming up with Automated office systems support is fundamental. The software and the hardware components must be as per the required functionality set by the organization needs.Change in government policies and market trends may greatly affect the availability of the required components and thus have an effect n the developmental time (Tapscott, 1998). In addition the needs of the users often change with time and this may require the modification of components that are already in place which lead to delay. The time taken in buying a new system is highly dependent on external factors that a re not within the control of the organization (Tapscott, 1998). In most cases organizations lose time in this stage for reasons that are not within their reach or control.Buying as a process requires a well established resource base and a good legal framework to fully engage the system as a whole (Kenyon, 2001). The market conditions are influential on the speed of purchase and thus very important in the determination of the total developmental time. The actual location of an organization is also important in evaluating the total buying time. An organization in an urban setting find it easy to buy software and hardware components as the availability and cost associated with their purchase is small compared to those in a rural setting.Personnel This is also one of the most overlooked factors (Kenyon, 2001). In consideration of the personnel, decision on whether to buy or build an Automated office systems support requires company wide consultation (Kenyon, 2001). As organizations anal yses their resources they must determine what they have and the needed personnel required for the implementation of the Automated office systems support. The organization should determine the number of available technical staff available for the support.If organizations lack or anticipate a lack of personnel, they must decide on when and where the required staff will be obtained from, which may involve the determination of the cost of the support (Kenyon, 2001). Money Money is an important consideration in strategic development as it affects the nature of the budget. A limited or unlimited budget has a great bearing on the choice of whether to buy or build an Automated office systems support (Katzan, 2002). In consideration of the budget both individuals and organizations must consider the short and long term benefits that will be accrued by the implementation of either methods.This may also involve the analysis of the effects of the non-implementation of the alternative. The import ance of money is such that without it the project is non-existent (Levy, 2001). Therefore, organization are required to accurately estimate their resource requirements before a decision on whether to buy or build an Automated office systems support is made. The cost involved in both cases have to be estimated and any other factors that may affect the estimated cost determined.Moreover, since all factors can never be determined accurately, including a contingency or escape plan in the formulation of the original policy will ensure that the organization is well prepared for any eventuality (Kenyon, 2001). The effect of money on the total time taken also depends on the government policies, market and industry condition that can affect the availability of resources especially money (Carter, 1999). Expected change in areas that currently affect the availability of funds largely determines the feasibility of the project in future.The availability of additional funding and all the factors that affect it, which may include legal and political issues all play important roles. Uniqueness The nature of organizations differ and therefore their requirements may vary though the degree depends on the organizations being considered. A major consideration is thus the uniqueness of the needs of the organization. In determination of the uniqueness of an organizations needs the following have to be looked into: ? What are the needs of the organization? ? What are the objectives in the implementation of Automated office systems support What are the connections between the available of the shelf-software and the needed capabilities in what the organization looks for in Automated office systems support? ? Does the implementation of the system go in line with the industry and market needs? ? What is the relationship between the methodology of choice and the organizational culture? The determination of the answers to this question as per the context of the organization helps in coming up with the level of uniqueness needed for the Automated office systems support and thus plays a very important role in the determination of whether to buy or build.The needs of an organization are defined as its requirements to perform in the industry (Herbert & Sparck, 2004). The needs are thus the components that are necessary for the survival of a business in the industry that it is in. The needs are the basic components of the operational environment. Determination of the needs requires one to look deeply into the processes and establish their requirements, outputs, behavior and interaction before any modification aimed at the improvements of the processes is made.It is noteworthy that every process has a number of factors that affect it both from its external and internal environment. Moreover, every activity or operation than an organization may undertake in can be broken into a number of processes and thus determination of the needs of the organization is done effectively i n an efficient manner. The implementation of developmental agenda in any organization is best done through strategic planning (Buckingham, 2006). Strategic planning involves the formulation of a plan aimed at development of some project(s) so as to ensure organizational growth.Any plan that is developed with success in mind must have a well laid out action plan that is characterized by well intentioned and realistic objectives. It is important that the objectives of any plan be in line with the actual needs of the organization. Therefore, the objectives of the organization in coming up with an Automated office systems support must be established and documented clearly so that the guidelines in the implementation of the policies that arise as a result of the consideration of the objectives be in line with the organizational goals.Moreover, the objectives in the implementation of a plan differ according to the priorities of the organization and are therefore unique to the problem bein g addressed and the organizational approach to problem solving. After the determination of the exact needs of the organization, the available software and software components have to be evaluated. An important consideration is that in either case the organization has to buy either software components to, or the full Automated office systems support since the organization does not engage in the manufacture of softwares (Gibson, 2004).Thus, determination of the needs of the organization and the available software capability in meeting those needs must be established. Moreover, organizations must effectively determine any addition capabilities possessed by the available softwares that may enhance service delivery. These capabilities which meet the wants of the organization must be addressed clearly and effectively if the investment is to be a success. Industrial and market considerations also contribute a great deal in deciding whether to build or buy Automated office systems support.A n industry is defined as a collection of businesses and related economics (Gibson, 2004). The industry is thus one of the factors that is influential on the strategic development of any organization. Companies may choose to either go with the trends of the industry or adopt a trend that can be considered as being contrary, in either case there are pros and cons that must be considered. The effects of the trends in an industry do impact on its players. Moreover, how the effect is felt by the constituent members depend on their abilities and thus differs across the industry.An occurrence in an industry may be viewed by the sector players as an opportunity or a threat depending on their policies, resource base and technical capabilities (Gibson, 2004). Policies implemented by organization under the consideration of the industry may be aimed at measuring up to other players in the industry or gaining an edge over them. In either consideration the nature of the organization in question p lays a great role in the strategic direction adopted. The market is a very important consideration in deciding on what strategic direction an organization will adopt in pursuing its vision.Most organizations are in business for the sole aim of meeting their customers' needs and thus their strategies are often biased towards the achievement of this cause. The customers needs are an aspect of business that is nearly impossible to predict. The requirements and the expectation often shift with changes in technology, industry, preferences, fashion and taste. The social, environmental, legal, political and economic factors all have a great bearing on the market and thus on the decision.Moreover, in market considerations, expected growth in the future plays a central role in formulation of current market strategies. In consideration of the market needs, the policies formulated are often aimed at coming up with directions that will best meet the needs of the market so as to either match the other players or earn a reputation and thus a competitive advantage. Organizational culture Organizational culture is defined as the shared values and beliefs within an organization (Wilkes, 2000).The culture also comprises of the norms and beliefs and is thus an in build system within an organization (Wilkes, 2000). Thus organizational culture is specific to an organization and it defines the relationship and the nature of the interaction between members of an organization and is influential on the nature of the relationship with outsiders (Wilkes, 2000). The culture is also definitive of the goals that are set for each member of the organization and is seen to go in line with thee vision of the organization. From the clear definition, goals, guidelines or expectations are developed; these constitute the norms.The management may try to instill some kind of a culture on its employees, this type of culture is thus described as corporate culture and is more specific (Wilkes, 2000). T he classification of culture takes on diverse dimensions and therefore the analysis of the effects must also take on the same trend. The following are some of the factors that are used in classification of organizational culture: ? The expected differences in power levels. ? The extent to which the organizations members are willing to take risks. ? The level of collectivism or individualism in an organization. ? Gender aspects.? Orientation, which can either be short or long term. Any strategy that an organization comes up with must be within the organizational setting and thus be relevant to the organization culture. A clash between the strategies and the organizational culture will lead to the flop of any program, therefore all organizations must ensure that their development plans are in line with the culture, failure to which the implementation will be a flop. Support for the policies After the analysis of needs, resources and uniqueness, there is an additional factor that must be considered in coming up with a decision; support.The organizational support to the mode chosen is very critical in the determination of the success of the mode of choice in meeting the needs of the organization. This is because it affect how members of the organization receive the decision. Support can be categories into three: ? Upper level support ? Like/ Colleague level ? End user support Management The reasons for support by upper management staff and executives is quite clear. The main reason for their support is the power they posses in the implementation of the plan especially in resource allocation and policy formulation (Woodruff, 2005).Moreover, the obvious nature of the need to influence the top executives often lead to concentration on them and thus ignoring the other members. Organizations must ensure that such occurrence are minimized and if possible eliminated as they can cause failure of well intentioned plans. Colleagues This group is made up of all those that th e organization have to interact with in their daily undertaking (Woodruff, 2005). The importance of this group lies in counteracting the power that the organizations executives have on the decision making process.The support of the members of the organizations operational environment plays a very important role in influencing the decision. Therefore, enlightening the colleagues on the importance of Automated office systems support will go in line with drumming up support for the implementation of the approach of choice. In addition, enlightening the colleagues to understand the implementation of the plan, which it is meant for and the effect of its implementation on their jobs will go a long way in influencing their support.End Users Even though they have the power to influence the success of a plan, the end user are often ignored in lobbying for support (Woodruff, 2005). The end users have the power to render the plan a failure by deciding not to use the product, which will have th e effect of changing the attitude of the colleagues and the management executives on the effectiveness and efficiency of the adopted Automated office systems support acquirement mechanism.Moreover, the sabotage need not be intentional; the failure of the system may be due to their lack of understanding of why the product is necessary or as a show of their lack of support of the governance model adopted. Furthermore, the products failure in meeting the needs of the end user could lead to failure and thus the importance of the end user in deciding on whether to buy or build Automated office systems support can never be downplayed.The Decision Process Whenever an organization decides to buy, the decision is always an aftermath of a series of processes. The decision may be instantaneous or take a long time though buying is a process and not an event (Woodruff, 2005). No matter the length of the process the origin is when a company becomes aware of the need (Woodruff, 2005). The need is then identified and the organizations searches for avenues through which the needs can be met.In the process of information or data gathering, the criteria that will be used in buying affects the buying process and should therefore be evaluated and refined. It is advisable for organizations to choose a few alternatives that are considered to be the best from the lot. Once a decision in reached and a choice made the purchase is made which is another process that can be quite time consuming (Woodruff, 2005). In summary, the decision to buy can be broken into five stages in which the first three are also constituted in a decision to build:? Identification ? Searching ? Evaluation ? Decision ? Purchase ? Reevaluation i. Identification This is the phase in which the organization realizes that it has a need that can be met by an Automated office systems support. The identification could be as a result of the failure of the system that they are using, increased competition from their rival s who have automated or as a strategy to gain some competitive leverage on players in the industry who are still implementing the manual system or are using a poor automated system.ii. Searching This is more of a research phase where the organization analyses itself, processes together with the industry to come up with the aspects in which it is lacking (Woodruff, 2005). Moreover, the organization can establish areas in which it can improve in so as to aid the establishment of its presence in the industry. iii. Evaluation In this phase the results from the searching p